I don't know why they use the Estonian flag or a version of that?
In their last year of high school, just before being conscripted to the army, the young Israeli visit Poland. Their tour is always the same as indicated by the Israeli Ministry of education, and it is being paid totally by the state. They visit Auschwitz, Treblinka concentartion camps and also come to Warsaw, to see almost nothing of a real city but just the sites of Jewish martydom. The tour usually causes much emotion in those young men and women, which as I understand is then used in their milititaryservice. Unfortunately it also holds them in the past very strongly and as a side-effect builds their image of Poland totally unrealistic. Imagine you come to any country and see just graves, monuments of martydom.
The Public Movement is an artistic ensemble which uses street happenings as their means of creation. Their Wiosna w Warszawie performance was one, although highly controvercial. As I understand, the aim of the performance was to protest against those one-sided tours which use the young persons sensitivity to make them serve for theit state better. The Estonian flag was probably used as a symbol of a symbol. The Israeli flags are very much displayed by the participant of contested tours. So the performers chose 'some flag'. And they of course made a huge mistake using an actual flag of an exissting country. Especially that Estonian might feel uneasy. During WWII part of the Estonians fought on German side, and there were even Estonian SS. However they were not involved in the murders on Nazi German side in Warsaw and Poland- in contrast for instance to Lithuanian Riflemen (szaulis), Latvian SS-men, Russian ROA (Vlasov army).
The effect is that if perhaps the aim of performance was to demonstrate that the Israeli are building national feelings with an instrumental use of the wrong country, namely Poland - the sole occupied country that did not colllaborate with Nazi Germany at all, than this aim got completely lost.
Tuftabis,
Thank you again for a very interesting reply and lesson for me of historical importance. I did know about the "
roots" travels of the Iraeli youth to Poland
with their Israeli Nationalistic or Patriotic purpous. I saw them in Auschwitz
in 2004 and in Warsaw in 2006. What I did not know was that that was used for their militairy service. What I also did not know and what is skipped from the history books. Many Western-Europeans also do not know much about the history in the East, like the German occupation of Poland, the Getto uprising, the Warsaw uprising, the East front, and the Nazi collaboration of the Baltic states and of many Urkainians, Belorussians and Russians. New to me is that to
Lithuanian Riflemen (
szaulis) and
Latvian SS-men were also engegaged in the fight of the Nazi-German forces against the AK and the Polish population during the Warsaw uprising. I knew about the involvement of the Russian "Liberation" Army,
ROA (In Russian:
Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Armiya), the Vlasov army and the involvement of the Ukrainians. I heard it from my grandparents and read it in my babcia's memoirs about Warsaw during the war and read it in several history books. My Dziadek and Babcia were under threat of Ukrainians who tried to rob them. My babica was used as a human shield by the German SS in Warsaw, because she was so unfortunate to live in the German section of Warsaw near an SS-kazerne, a German prison and a Wehrmacht officers school. That was in the Mokotów district, later their neighbourhood, became an UB quarter in the Stalinist period, and the prison a UB prison.
These men are Russian officers in the ROA, the Russian Liberation Army. The officer second from the left is General Vlasov.
S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A.S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. (also known as
the Kaminski Brigade) was an anti-partisan formation composed of people from the so-called Lokot Autonomy territory in the Nazi Germany-occupied areas of Russia during World War II.
First appearing in late 1941 as auxiliary police, the unit initially numbered 200 personnel. By mid 1943, its numbers had increased to 10-12 thousand and were equipped with captured Soviet tanks and artillery. The unit's leader
Bronislav Kaminski named it Russian National Liberation Army (
Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, RONA). Bronislav (also spelled "
Bronislaw") Kaminski was born in Vitebsk, Russian Empire, to a
Polish father and German mother.
Bronislav KaminskiAfter Operation Citadel, personnel of the R.O.N.A. retreated to
Belarus and the Lepel area of Vitebsk, where they were involved in anti-partisan activities, committing numerous atrocities against the civilian population. In March 1944, the unit was briefly renamed to
Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski (Peoples- Brigade Kaminski), before it was absorbed into the Waffen-SS in June 1944.
With its transfer to the Waffen-SS, the brigade was renamed to Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, and
Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS (the only man with such a rank). After Operation Bagration, the R.O.N.A retreated further west, and by the end of July 1944, the remains of the Kaminski unit (3-4 thousand---some sources estimate 6-7 thousand) were assembled at the SS training camp Neuhammer. On the Kaminski unit base, SS leaders planned to create a SS Division - 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1).
However,
the Warsaw Uprising began on the same day as
Himmler's signing of an order for the establishment of the division. The division formation was never implemented and part of the “
RONA”- Brigade was forwarded to
Warsaw, where the unit was again involved in committing numerous war-crimes. On August 18th 1944,
Bronislav Kaminski was killed. According to various sources, either an
SS court found him guilty or he was simply executed outright by the German
Gestapo.
By August 27th, deciding the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable, the German commanders removed it from
Warsaw. Having suffered heavy losses, the remaining members of the brigade were forwarded farther West, where remnants of the brigade were used against
Slovak partisans. After the end of October 1944, the brigade was disbanded and the remaining personnel absorbed into General
Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army.
Kaminski inspects the Russian security corps in SerbiaHistoryIn RussiaIn October 1941, the Nazi Germany military advance into
the Soviet Union reached
Lokot area near the city of
Bryansk and captured it on October 6th 1941[1] In November 1941, an engineer at the local alcohol plant,
Bronislav Kaminski, and a local technical school teacher,
Konstantin Voskoboinik, approached the German military administration with proposals to assist them in establishing a civil administration and local police.
The Lokot area was, before the beginning of the war, specially designated for the incarceration of people forbidden to return to their previous homes in major cities of
the Soviet Union---as
Kaminski himself was.
Voskoboinik was appointed by the Germans as starosta of the “
Lokot volost” and head of the local militia unit.
Initially, the militia headed by
Voskoboinik numbered no more than 200 men, and was to assist the Germans in conducting their different activities, which included numerous murders of civilians loyal to or accused of loyalty to the Soviet authorities or Soviet partisans. By January 1942 militia numbers were increased to 400-500.
During a specially ordered partisan attack headed by
Alexander Saburov on January 8th 1942,
Voskoboinik was mortally wounded. After his death
Kaminski took over command and expanded the militia.
In co-operation with German forces, the militia began anti-partisan operations and by spring 1942, its number increased to 1,400 armed personnel. The estimated number of soviet partisans in this area was as high as 20,000---they controlled almost the entire rear area of Army Group Center’s area of operations.
In mid March 1942,
Kaminski’s representative assured the German Second Panzer Army at
Orel that
Kaminski’s unit was “
ready to actively fight the guerillas” as well as carry on a propaganda campaign against “
Jew-Bolshevism” and
Soviet partisans. Soon thereafter commander of 2nd Army Generaloberst
Rudolf Schmidt appointed
Kaminski as mayor of the Army Rear Area 532 with its center in the town of
Lokot. On 19th July 1942, after approval from Commander of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal
Günther von Kluge,
Schmidt and
532 Area commander Volksdeutsche,
Kaminski received a certain degree of autonomy and nominal self rule and self-governing powers under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam.
Army Generaloberst Rudolf SchmidtField Marshal Günther von KlugeKaminski was made chief major of the Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eight rayons) and brigade commander of the local militia.
Starting in June 1942, Kaminski’s militia took part in the major action codenamed Operation Vogelsang as a part of Generalleutnant Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa's Kampfgruppe (taskforce) Gilsa II. This Kampfgruppe included one Panzer regiment from 5. Panzer-Division, elements of 216. Infanterie-Division, the Kaminski militia and elements of the Hungarian 102. Light Division and 108. Light Division. The militia, serving as guides, scouts and translators, stayed with Kampfgruppe Gilsa II until it was disbanded in October 1942. The official results of this operation, the first major one where Kaminski's troops participated, were 1,193 alleged partisans killed, 1,400 wounded, 498 captured, 12,531 civilians "evacuated". The Kampfgruppe suffered 58 killed and 130 wounded from a strength of over 6,500.
Russian National Liberation ArmyKaminski now decided to give his militia an official title. He decided on the Russian National Liberation Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, RONA). In autumn 1942 Kaminski ordered an obligatory draft into the militia of all able-bodied men. Units were also reinforced from the “volunteers” drafted among Soviet POW's at nearby Nazi concentration camps. From 1941 on, due to lack of fuel and minor mechanical failures, Kaminski's unit was ordered to collect abandoned Soviet tanks and armored cars---by November 1942, his unit was in possession of at least two BT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery system.
Due to the lack of military dress and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided used uniforms for Kaminski's brigade, sufficient for only 4 battalions.
By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 14-battalion brigade, close to 8,000 armed men. From November 19th 1942 till December 1942, Lokot was inspected under the orders of Alfred Rosenberg. As of January 1943 the brigade numbered 9828 men; the armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, two medium T-34, 3 BT-7 and 2 BT-5 light tanks and 3 armored cars (BA-10, 2 BA-20). In the spring of 1943 the brigade’s structure was reorganized---there were 5 regiments created with 3 battalions each, an anti-aircraft battalion (3 AAA guns and 4 heavy machineguns), and an armoured unit. A separate “guard” battalion was created; brigade strength was estimated up to 12,000 in total.
Prior to Operation Citadel, the massive offensive to destroy the Kursk salient, in May-June 1943 the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron ("Gypsy Baron") together with other German units.
This operation was followed by similar operations - Freischütz and Tannenhauser. The brigade, together with other units under German command, was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population.
In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer major desertions due in part to the recent Soviet victories and to the efforts of the partisans to "turn" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were made. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit.
At this time the strength of the unit was estimated at up to 8,500 men. The armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, four medium T-34, 3 BT-5 light tanks, one T-37 amphibious tank, one armoured car (BA-10) and two armoured carriers.
After the failure of Citadel, the Soviet counter-offensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On July 29th 1944, Kaminski issued orders for the evacuation of property and families of RONA brigade members and Lokot authorities. Up to 30,000 persons (10-11,000 of them brigade members) were transferred by the Germans to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1943. According to post-war soviet estimates up to 10,000 civilians were killed during the existence of the Kaminski formation.
In BelarusBronislav Kaminski and personnel of the Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski” operation”Frühlingsfest”, Belarus, May 1944The brigade finally settled in the Lepel area of Vitebsk. This area was overrun by partisans, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat in this area for the rest of the year.
During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased greatly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the Second Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to Tarosov's headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and 8 others in front of his men. Despite the threat of repercussions up to 200 men deserted within the following two days. By the beginning of October 1943 the brigade had lost 2/3 of it personnel, while still being in possession of 12 tanks (8 of them T-34's), one 122-mm, 3- 76 mm and 8 45 mm artillery systems.
On January 27th 1944 Himmler rewarded Kaminski's “achievements” by decorating him with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and on the same day the Iron Cross 1st Class.
On February 15th 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and administration further west to the Dyatlovo area of West Belarus.
Volksheer-BrigadeAt this point, the brigade's ranks were replenished by the addition of police forces from Belarus. In March 1944, the brigade was renamed Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski. Starting on April 11th, 1944, it was attached to SS-Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, which also included the notorious Dirlewanger unit, and participated in a series of anti-partisan operations: Regenschauer (up to 7,000 partisans reported as killed), Frühlingsfest (7,011 partisans reported as killed and 1,065 weapons captured) and Kormoran (7,697 partisans reported as killed and 325 weapons captured. During these operations local civilians were shot as “suspected partisans” or deported as slave laborers, their villages burned down.
Bronislav Kaminski and personnel of the Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski” operation”Frühlingsfest”, Belarus, May 1944
Waffen-Sturm-BrigadeIn June 1944 the brigade was absorbed as part of the Waffen-SS. With its transfer to the Waffen-SS, the brigade was renamed Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS, as the only man with such rank.
As the result of the Operation Bagration, anti-partisan activities of the brigade were halted and it personnel (6-7,000, some sources give it as 3-4,000) collected at the SS training camp Neuhammer and plans were made for a non-German SS Division, and the structure was laid down for the 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1) based on the brigade by an order issued August 1st 1944. On the same day, Kaminski received a new rank---Waffen-Brigadeführer and General-Major of Waffen-SS.
In WarsawRONA in Warsaw, August 1944The Warsaw Uprising, which started on August 1st 1944, changed Himmler’s plans and, on August 4th 1944, a combat ready regiment of the brigade was ordered to assist the efforts in crushing the uprising. SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinfarth was placed in charge of Kampfgruppe Reinfarth, a pacification unit which consisted of the Kaminski along with the Dirlewanger, several other Ordnungspolizei and SS rear area units. Himmler personally requested Kaminski's assistance, and the latter obliged by gathering a task force of 1,700 unmarried men and sending them (some sources state they had four T-34 tanks, one SU-76 and a few artillery pieces) to Warsaw as the mixed regiment under field command of Kaminski's brigade chief-of-staff, SS-Sturmbannführer Yuri Frolov. Frolov in 1945 stated that regiment had up to 1600 men and 7 artillery pieces and 4 mortars.
Sztab Pułku RONAKaminski volunteers were first given the task of clearing the Ochota district defended by only 300 poorly-armed Poles. Their attack was planned for the morning of August 5, but when the time came, Kaminski's men could not be found. After some searching, they were found looting abandoned houses in the rear. The attack finally got underway shortly before noon and it went poorly, with the brigade advancing only 275 meters before nightfall. The men had neither training for nor prior experience in urban combat. For many it was the first time they had even seen a major city and they fought poorly while suffering high casualties. At the same time, thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the RONA SS men during the events known as the Ochota massacre; many of the victims were also raped. In the middle of the month, the Kaminski was moved south to the Wola sector, but it fared no better in combat there than in Ochota. In one incident, a sub-unit had stopped their advance to loot a captured building on the front line and was consequently cut off and destroyed by the Poles.
By August 27th, the German commanders decided the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable. In almost a month of fighting, the brigade had still not achieved any of its major objectives. The German commander in Warsaw, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, stated in post war trials that the unit "had no military combat value whatsoever, with both officers and soldiers having not even a hint of tactical understanding. "I saw Kaminski's men removing entire cartloads of stolen jewelery, gold watches, and precious stones. The capture of a liquor supply was more important for the brigade than the seizure of a position commanding the same street. Each assault was instantly stopped, because after taking the objective over, units dispersed into loose, plundering hordes." Kaminski himself was involved in the looting in Warsaw, claiming he was collecting for his "
Russian Liberation Fund". Major General
Günter Rohr, commander of Warsaw's southern sector, demanded that the brigade be removed from his command. Bach-Zelewski agreed, as the troublesome unit was slowing his efforts to suppress the uprising. As soon as replacement units were available, the Kaminski was pulled out of the line after losing about 500 men in combat during the fighting in Warsaw.
Major General Günter Rohr at the Warsaw Uprising - Capitulation TalksThe RONA volunteers, now decimated and infamous even among the SS, were then assigned to
the Kampinos Forest to help seal off Warsaw. During their stay in the forest, the unit's artillery battery and one of its infantry battalions were suddenly attacked by 80 Polish partisans led by Lieutenant Colonel "
Dolina" (
Adolf Pilch) while stationed at the emptied village of Truskaw. Nearly 100 Russian and German SS-men died in the midnight assault. The remnants of the battalion, which was mostly drunk at the time of the attack, fled in disarray, abandoning their weapons as they fled. In Truskaw, the 1st Regiment lost its entire artillery and much of the stolen merchandise from the city. According to some Polish sources, 250 RONA troops were killed during the night of September 2-3 in the raid on Truskaw, and 100 more in the raid on the village of Marianów the next night. A captured diary of the Kaminski brigade soldier,
Ivan Vashenko, (killed at Truskaw) was published in Poland in 1947.
Lieutenant Colonel Adolf PilchAt the time of the Warsaw actions,
Kaminski was called to Łódź to attend a leadership conference. He never reached it. Officially, Polish partisans were blamed for an alleged ambush in which
Kaminski and a few RONA officials (including brigade chief-of-staff Waffen-Obersturmbannführer
Ilya Shavykin) were killed. Some sources say he was placed in front of a military tribunal and then shot by a firing squad, others that he was shot when he was captured by the Gestapo.
The death of
Kaminski and the unreliability of his troops as a combat unit brought the plans to expand
the Kaminski Brigade to a division to an end. After Kaminski's death, his unit was placed under command of the SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei
Christoph Diehm.
SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei Christoph Diehm