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Post by pieter on May 26, 2016 15:00:18 GMT -7
Above: The Brink family were an example of the rights enjoyed by Boer women in the Boer Republics: Uniquely -- from the 18th century, Boer women had equal land-rights, equal church-membership rights, were allowed to divorce and hold their own bank accounts; and as land-owners also had voting rights; they lost all these rights during the British occupation of South Africa because British women had none of those rights; and Boer women twice marched on the Union Buildings in Pretoria to demand equal rights for their defeated nation: in 1915 and 1940.Painting of Boer families burying their dead outside a British concentration camp in South Africa.Anglo Boere Oorlog/Boer War (1899-1902) PIETERMARITZBURG Camp/Kamp The Voortrekkers (Afrikaans and Dutch for pioneers, literally "fore-pullers", "those in front who pull", "fore-trekkers") mainly consisted of Trekboer pastoralists and Cape Dutch citizens from the Eastern frontier of the Cape Colony who during the 1830s and 1840s left the British controlled Cape; moving into the interior of what is now South Africa in what is known as the Great Trek. The Great Trek consisted of a number of mass movements under a number of different leaders. The Voortrekkers (and the Cape Dutch are the direct ancestors of the Afrikaners of modern day South Africa.A card produced in the Russia of Tsar Nicholas II (right), warning the British that Boer families, including the women, would be armed to defend their homeland, and make British victory hard to contemplate.Andries Potgieter leads his Voortrekkers on the Great Trek.
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Post by karl on May 26, 2016 18:56:27 GMT -7
Pieter
Good work putting this together! Such violence, hard work, risk of those with the courage, wars between the Brits and early settlers and differences to settle with the black Africans.
A modern nation of worth and yet saddled down with differences between Africans white and Black.
Karl
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Post by Jaga on May 26, 2016 23:31:21 GMT -7
Even in Poland people knew that The Boer-British war was very cruel, and Boers were treated badly. Some of these pictures are shocking
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Post by Jaga on May 27, 2016 9:22:40 GMT -7
Pieter, I did not realize that Boer women had property rights, and British did not. I always thought that British women were relatively well off since they had two important queens. I remember discussing property rights of women in Poland and Russia. Women had property rights in Poland and Russia earlier than in other countries. This was very important in the case of widows.
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 10:21:22 GMT -7
Dear Jaga, It is good that people in Poland are aware of the history of the world and knew and know that the Boer-British war was very cruel, and that the Boers were treated badly. Some of these pictures are shocking indeed, because they remind us of images of the Armenian genocide ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide ), the Holocaust (Shoa), the Holodomor in Ukraine ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor ) and the Serb concentration camps for Bosnian-Muslim men during the civil wars in former Yugoslavia during the nineties. People like the Poles who suffered from foreign invaders and occupation themselves know about the suffering of others. They understand the suffering of people whom farms were burnt, farm lands were destroyed and confiscated and whom were put in concentrationcamps (the Polish know the Siberian Gulag, Auschwitz, Mauthausen, Dachau and other camps). A boer child Abraham Carel Wessels in the Bloemfontein concentration camp, a victim at the hands of the English, he was one of the lucky ones who survived.The term " concentration camp" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during the Second Boer War from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period. The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as " refugee camps" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief in South Africa on 29 November 1900, the British Army introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Kitchener initiated plans to flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civilians—uprooting a whole nation—that would come to dominate the last phase of the war.Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener KG (24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was a senior British Army officer and colonial administrator who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of the First World War, although he died halfway through it.As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their " Scorched Earth" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms, and the poisoning of wells and salting of fields—to prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps. The Spanish had used internment in the Ten Years' War that led to the Spanish–American War, and the United States had used them to devastate guerrilla forces during the Philippine–American War. But the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which some whole regions had been depopulated. An emaciated Boere baby in the concentration camp.Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as prisoners of war, 25,630 were sent overseas. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Over 26,000 women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food rations were meager and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others (Pakenham 1979, p. 505). The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid and dysentery to which the children were particularly vulnerable. An additional problem was the Boers' use of traditional medicines like a cow-dung poultice for skin diseases and crushed insects for convulsions. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. As the war raged across their farms and their homes were destroyed, many Africans became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British Army hastily created internment camps. Subsequently, the " Scorched Earth" policy was ruthlessly applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps. Africans were held separately from Boer internees. Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, " improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps." Picture from FB: Mother with her dead child – Boer War: Concentration camps.For a long time, until the late 20th century, Afrikaners (Boers) didn't like British (English) people, the United Kingdom and even the USA as an allie of the United Kingdom. They remembered the Brits destroying their farms, poisening their lands, and starving their women and children. Afrikaners (= Boers) call the Brits and white Anglo-Africans rooinek ( Redneck). Probably a reference to the fact that Englishmen, being new to Africa, wore inadequate headgear (such as solar topees (pith helmets) or no hat at all) and thus sunburned more easily than Afrikaners. Other theories have it being a reference to the then red collars of British military uniforms, or to the red markings that British farmers put on their imported merino sheep. Jaga, the British colonial regime was very tough in many African nations, in India, in Palestine and their Caribbean and South-American colonies. Nazi propaganda tended to glorify British institutions, and above all the British Empire. Adolf Hitler tried to court Britain into an alliance, his propaganda praised the British as proficient Aryan imperialists. Typical of the Nazi admiration for the British Empire were a lengthy series of articles in various German newspapers throughout the mid-1930s praising various aspects of British imperial history, with the clear implication that there were positive parallels to be drawn between British empire-building in the past and German empire-building in the future. A particular theme of praise was offered for British “ ruthlessness” in building and defending their empire, which was held as a model for the Germans to follow. Above all, the British were admired as an “ Aryan” people who had with typical “ ruthlessness” subjected millions of brown- and black skinned people to their rule, and British rule in India was held up as a model for how the Germans would rule Russia, through as the historian Gerwin Strobl pointed out that this parallel between German rule in Russia and British rule in India was only made possible by the Nazis’ ignorance of how the British actually ruled India. King Charles granted the The Stuart family and London merchants who owned the Royal African Company a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. To facilitate this trade, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as James Island, Accra and Bunce Island. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 percent in 1650 to around 80 percent in 1780, and in the 13 Colonies from 10 percent to 40 percent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). For the slave traders, the trade was extremely profitable, and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool, which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven. British colonies:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empireen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_Indiaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Kenyaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesiaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesiaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colonyen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guianaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagoen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealanden.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Statesen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Americaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_PalestineCheers, Pieter
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 11:33:23 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 11:56:44 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 12:01:54 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 12:17:06 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 12:55:23 GMT -7
South-Africans in Brisbane, Australia
Ingrid Jonker (19 September 1933 – 19 July 1965) (OIS), was a South African poet. Although she wrote in Afrikaans, her poems have been widely translated into other languages. Jonker has reached iconic status in South Africa and is often called the South African Sylvia Plath, owing to the intensity of her work and the tragic course of her turbulent life.
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 14:41:34 GMT -7
The friendship between an Afrikaner and a Xsosa leader
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Post by karl on May 27, 2016 15:07:06 GMT -7
Some music of Afrikaner
Karl
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 15:18:34 GMT -7
Interesting guitar music Karl. It seems typical Afrikaans to me, because I don't know Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, Low Saxon or German music like that. Several guys playing guitars in that fashion. You do have some Afrikaans peoples music, which looks and sounds like Dutch, Flemish and Low Saxon poeples music though. But this is different. Music without singing.
This is a special video abpou the friendship between Mandela and his former Afrikaner guard.
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Post by pieter on May 27, 2016 15:36:30 GMT -7
Black and white South-Africans unite
She says, it is a bit strange to speak Afrikaans if no one speaks Afrikaans back to you!
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