Josip Broz Tito

[pieter]

Josip Broz (7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito, was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. He also served as the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980.

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito
pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito
de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito

[pieter]

For Karl in Danish.

Josip Broz Tito (kyrillisk: Јосип Броз Тито, udtales [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; født Josip Broz; 7. maj 1892 – 4. maj 1980) var en jugoslavisk revolutionær og statsmand, der besad flere politiske embeder fra 1943 og til sin død i 1980.[1] Under 2. verdenskrig var han leder af de jugoslaviske partisaner, der ofte betragtes som den mest effektive modstandsbevægelse i det tysk-besatte Europa.[2] Til trods for at hans præsidentperiode er blevet kritiseret som autoritær,[3][4] og at der er blevet rejst mistanke om undertrykkelse af politiske modstandere, blev Tito af de fleste betragtet som en godgørende diktator"[5] på grund af hans økonomiske og diplomatiske politik. Han var en populær offentlig figur både inden og uden for Jugoslaviens grænser.[6] Tito, der blev set som et forenende symbol,[7] vedligeholdt gennem sin indenrigspolitik en fredelig sameksistens mellem nationerne i det jugoslaviske forbund. Han blev yderligere kendt som en central skikkelse indenfor De alliancefrie landes bevægelse sammen med Indiens Jawaharlal Nehru, Egyptens Gamal Abdel Nasser og Indonesiens Sukarno.[8]

Han var generalsekretær (senere formand for præsidiet) for Jugoslaviens kommunistiske liga (1939–80) og stod i spidsen for den jugoslaviske modstandsbevægelse, partisanerne (1941–45).[9] Efter krigen var han premierminister (1944–63) og præsident (senere præsident på livstid) (1953–80) af Den Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien (SFRJ). Fra 1943 og frem til sin død i 1980 var han marskal af Jugoslavien og tjente som øverstbefalende for det jugoslaviske militær, den jugoslaviske folkehær (JNA). Som følge af sit gode ry inden for begge blokke under den kolde krig modtog Tito 98 udmærkelser og ordener fra andre nationer, heriblandt Æreslegionen og Order of the Bath.

Josip Broz blev født som søn af en kroatisk far og slovensk mor i landsbyen Kumrovec i Kroatien. Efter at være blevet indkaldt til hæren udmærkede han sig ved gode præstationer og blev den yngste sergentmajor i den østrig-ungarske hær på daværende tidspunkt.[10] Efter at være blevet alvorligt såret og taget til fange af soldater fra det kejserlige Rusland under første verdenskrig blev Broz sendt til arbejdslejr i Ural-bjergene. Han deltog i Oktoberrevolutionen og blev senere en del af en enhed af den røde garde i Omsk. Efter sin frigivelse rejste Broz hjem til det, der nu var blevet til Kongeriget Jugoslavien, hvor han meldte sig ind i Jugoslaviens kommunistiske parti (CPY).

Tito var hovedarkitekten bag det andet Jugoslavien, et socialistisk forbund, der varede fra 1943 til 1991–92. På trods af at han var en af grundlæggerne af Kominform, blev han snart herefter det første Kominform-medlem til at trodse den sovjetiske hegemoni, og det eneste der efterfølgende forlod Kominform og påbegyndte sit eget socialistiske program. Tito støttede op om uafhængige veje til socialisme (somme tider benævnt som "nationalkommunisme"). I 1951 implementerede han et selvforvaltningssystem, der adskilte Jugoslavien fra resten af Østbloklandene. En drejning hen mod en markedssocialistisk samfundsmodel førte i 1950'erne og 1960'erne til økonomisk ekspansion og i 1970'erne til et efterfølgende fald. Hans indenrigspolitik undertrykte nationalistiske bevægelser og søgte i stedet at fremme de seks jugoslaviske nationers "broderskab og enhed". Efter Titos død i 1980 vendte flere af tidligere tiders spændinger de jugoslaviske republikker imellem tilbage, og i 1991 gik landet i opløsning i en række krige, inter-etniske konflikter og optøjer, der kom til at vare resten af årtiet, og som fortsat påvirker flere af de tidligere jugoslaviske republikker. Tito er en kontroversiel figur i flere lande på Balkan.

[pieter]

www.britannica.com/biography/Josip-Broz-Tito

[pieter]

www.google.nl/amp/s/amp.dw.com/en/cult-of-tito-still-going-strong/a-5527634

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8636034.stm

www.historytoday.com/archive/tito-elected-president-yugoslavia

[pieter]

www.google.nl/amp/s/www.foxnews.com/world/in-titos-birthplace-yugonostalgia-gains-force-as-croatia-prepares-to-join-eu-this-summer.amp

[karl]

Aug 6, 2020 7:23:36 GMT -7 pieter said:

For Karl in Danish.

Josip Broz Tito (kyrillisk: Јосип Броз Тито, udtales [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; født Josip Broz; 7. maj 1892 – 4. maj 1980) var en jugoslavisk revolutionær og statsmand, der besad flere politiske embeder fra 1943 og til sin død i 1980.[1] Under 2. verdenskrig var han leder af de jugoslaviske partisaner, der ofte betragtes som den mest effektive modstandsbevægelse i det tysk-besatte Europa.[2] Til trods for at hans præsidentperiode er blevet kritiseret som autoritær,[3][4] og at der er blevet rejst mistanke om undertrykkelse af politiske modstandere, blev Tito af de fleste betragtet som en godgørende diktator"[5] på grund af hans økonomiske og diplomatiske politik. Han var en populær offentlig figur både inden og uden for Jugoslaviens grænser.[6] Tito, der blev set som et forenende symbol,[7] vedligeholdt gennem sin indenrigspolitik en fredelig sameksistens mellem nationerne i det jugoslaviske forbund. Han blev yderligere kendt som en central skikkelse indenfor De alliancefrie landes bevægelse sammen med Indiens Jawaharlal Nehru, Egyptens Gamal Abdel Nasser og Indonesiens Sukarno.[8]

Han var generalsekretær (senere formand for præsidiet) for Jugoslaviens kommunistiske liga (1939–80) og stod i spidsen for den jugoslaviske modstandsbevægelse, partisanerne (1941–45).[9] Efter krigen var han premierminister (1944–63) og præsident (senere præsident på livstid) (1953–80) af Den Socialistiske Føderale Republik Jugoslavien (SFRJ). Fra 1943 og frem til sin død i 1980 var han marskal af Jugoslavien og tjente som øverstbefalende for det jugoslaviske militær, den jugoslaviske folkehær (JNA). Som følge af sit gode ry inden for begge blokke under den kolde krig modtog Tito 98 udmærkelser og ordener fra andre nationer, heriblandt Æreslegionen og Order of the Bath.

Josip Broz blev født som søn af en kroatisk far og slovensk mor i landsbyen Kumrovec i Kroatien. Efter at være blevet indkaldt til hæren udmærkede han sig ved gode præstationer og blev den yngste sergentmajor i den østrig-ungarske hær på daværende tidspunkt.[10] Efter at være blevet alvorligt såret og taget til fange af soldater fra det kejserlige Rusland under første verdenskrig blev Broz sendt til arbejdslejr i Ural-bjergene. Han deltog i Oktoberrevolutionen og blev senere en del af en enhed af den røde garde i Omsk. Efter sin frigivelse rejste Broz hjem til det, der nu var blevet til Kongeriget Jugoslavien, hvor han meldte sig ind i Jugoslaviens kommunistiske parti (CPY).

Tito var hovedarkitekten bag det andet Jugoslavien, et socialistisk forbund, der varede fra 1943 til 1991–92. På trods af at han var en af grundlæggerne af Kominform, blev han snart herefter det første Kominform-medlem til at trodse den sovjetiske hegemoni, og det eneste der efterfølgende forlod Kominform og påbegyndte sit eget socialistiske program. Tito støttede op om uafhængige veje til socialisme (somme tider benævnt som "nationalkommunisme"). I 1951 implementerede han et selvforvaltningssystem, der adskilte Jugoslavien fra resten af Østbloklandene. En drejning hen mod en markedssocialistisk samfundsmodel førte i 1950'erne og 1960'erne til økonomisk ekspansion og i 1970'erne til et efterfølgende fald. Hans indenrigspolitik undertrykte nationalistiske bevægelser og søgte i stedet at fremme de seks jugoslaviske nationers "broderskab og enhed". Efter Titos død i 1980 vendte flere af tidligere tiders spændinger de jugoslaviske republikker imellem tilbage, og i 1991 gik landet i opløsning i en række krige, inter-etniske konflikter og optøjer, der kom til at vare resten af årtiet, og som fortsat påvirker flere af de tidligere jugoslaviske republikker. Tito er en kontroversiel figur i flere lande på Balkan.

[karl]

Pieter

Thanks most kindly {tak mest venligt} for thinking of my self in Dansk. Of the many years of passing of Mr. Josip Broz, Tito at least for my self, had most forgotten of him as a most important figure. Until to read through the presentation you have kindly provided was almost a revelation of his important role he served in the many offices of Yugoslavia in his time. With this, his popularity both in side and out side of Yugoslavia. A very remarkable man of his time as shown.

As described in the body of the presentation, his linage was of an Croation father and Slovenian mother, nothing remarkable, but noteworthy..

Thank you for presentation of an interesting man of his time..

Karl

[kaima]

I will unfairly expand this theme to include other communist regimes at the time. A cousin in Slovakia just published a meme that failed to come through, but a quirk of the internet gave me this note:


Image may contain: Text that says "I grew up living in a time called Totalitarianism today. At a time where people were close to each other, where they used the words sorry, hello, how are you? Stop for coffee, greetings at home. Where the neighbors lived as one family. People smiled at each other. The family was as a whole. There is a lot of it and I only have goosebumps from today's materialistic times. One would drown a person with a teaspoon of water."


This is from a woman who grew to adulthood under communism in Czechoslovakia and has lived her adult life in the changing and now modern Slovakia. There is a quiet thread among people who experienced communism first hand that comes to the surface now and then, a touch of nostalgia - as in the Tito report - of a quieter, safer, more sure time.

The mention of materialism reminds me of the strong moral condemnation people under communism at the time had for the materialistic, selfish, immoral West. It appears the West won, and we subsequently proved them right!

Kai

[pieter]

Ron,

The funny thing was that Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin were very materialistic themselves.

Historical materialism, also known as the materialist conception of history, is a methodology used by some communist and Marxist historiographers that focuses on human societies and their development through history, arguing that history is the result of material conditions rather than ideals. This was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818–1883) as the "materialist conception of history". It is principally a theory of history which asserts that the material conditions of a society's mode of production or in Marxist terms, the union of a society's productive forces and relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development. Historical materialism is an example of Marx and Engels' scientific socialism, attempting to show that socialism and communism are scientific necessities rather than philosophical ideals.

Historical materialism is materialist as it does not believe that history has been driven by individual's consciousness or ideals, but rather subscribes to the philosophical monism that matter is the fundamental substance of nature and henceforth the driving force in all of world history; this drove Marx and other historical materialists to abandon ideas such as rights (e.g. "right to life, liberty, and property" as liberalism professed). In contrast, idealists believe that human consciousness creates reality rather than the materialist conception that material reality creates human consciousness. This put Marx in direct conflict with groups like the liberals who believed that reality was governed by some set of ideals, when he stated in The German Ideology: "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence".

Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. It posits that social classes and the relationship between them, along with the political structures and ways of thinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx's time, the theory has been modified and expanded by some writers. It now has many Marxist and non-Marxist variants. Many Marxists contend that historical materialism is a scientific approach to the study of history.

Dialectical materialism, a philosophical approach to reality derived from the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. For Marx and Engels, materialism meant that the material world, perceptible to the senses, has objective reality independent of mind or spirit. They did not deny the reality of mental or spiritual processes but affirmed that ideas could arise, therefore, only as products and reflections of material conditions. Marx and Engels understood materialism as the opposite of idealism, by which they meant any theory that treats matter as dependent on mind or spirit, or mind or spirit as capable of existing independently of matter. For them, the materialist and idealist views were irreconcilably opposed throughout the historical development of philosophy. They adopted a thoroughgoing materialist approach, holding that any attempt to combine or reconcile materialism with idealism must result in confusion and inconsistency.

Cheers,
Pieter

Sources Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica

[pieter]

National Communism, policies based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by national conditions rather than by a pattern set in another country. The term, popular from the late 1940s to the 1980s, was particularly identified with assertions by eastern European communists regarding independence from Soviet leadership or example.

The Yugoslav communist leader Josip Broz Tito first brought National Communism into direct confrontation with Soviet aims when he attempted to pursue an independent foreign policy. Soviet-Yugoslav tensions mounted until, in 1948, Tito’s party was expelled from the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau). After that, purges and executions reminiscent of those that Joseph Stalin had conducted in the Soviet Union in the 1930s took place throughout eastern Europe with the goal of eradicating “Titoism” in party ranks. Tito himself, a popular national leader, however, managed to defy Stalin and remain in power despite a Soviet military and economic blockade of his country.

The slight domestic liberalization of the Soviet regime that followed Stalin’s death in 1953 raised hopes for a parallel liberalization in eastern Europe. That year the liberal communist Imre Nagy took power in Hungary and instituted reforms that constituted a marked retreat from socialism. His National Communist program returned retail trade and craft industries to private enterprise, made possible the dissolution of collective farms, de-emphasized industrial investments while increasing agricultural investments, and instituted an official policy of religious tolerance. In 1955 the Soviets restored cordial relations with Tito’s Yugoslavia. In the mid-1950s the Soviets began to seek eastern European support in their growing struggle with China to maintain a preeminent position in the communist world. Nations alienated by any Soviet stifling of National Communism could shift their support to China.

Source: www.britannica.com/topic/National-Communism

[pieter]

Titoism is a political philosophy most closely associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War. It is characterized by a broad Yugoslav identity, a political separation from the Soviet Union, and leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement.

Tito led the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II. After the war, tensions arose between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Although these issues diminished over time, Yugoslavia still remained relatively independent in thought and policy. Tito led Yugoslavia until his death in 1980.

Today, the term "Titoism" is sometimes used to refer to Yugo-nostalgia, a longing for reestablishment or revival of Yugoslavism or Yugoslavia by the citizens of Yugoslavia's successor states.

[pieter]

When the rest of Eastern Europe became satellite states of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia refused to accept the 1948 Resolution of the Cominform and the period from 1948 to 1955, known as the Informbiro, was marked by severe repression of opponents and many others accused of pro-Stalin attitudes to the penal camp on Goli Otok.

Source: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism

[pieter]

Ideology

Elements of Titoism are characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. It is distinct from Joseph Stalin's socialism in one country theory as Tito advocated cooperation between nations through the Non-Aligned Movement while at the same time pursuing socialism in whatever ways best suited particular nations. On the other hand, socialism in one country focused on fast industrialisation and modernisation in order to compete with what Stalin perceived as the more advanced nations of the West. During Tito's era, his ideas specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of (and often in opposition to) what he referred to as the Stalinist and imperialist policies of the Soviet Union.

Throughout his time in office, Tito prided himself on Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union, with Yugoslavia never accepting full membership in Comecon and Tito's open rejection of many aspects of Stalinism as the most obvious manifestations of this. The Soviets and their satellite states often accused Yugoslavia of Trotskyism and social democracy, charges loosely based on Tito's samoupravljanje (self-management) and the theory of associated labor (profit sharing policies and worker-owned industries initiated by him, Milovan Đilas and Edvard Kardelj in 1950). It was in these things that the Soviet leadership accused of harboring the seeds of council communism or even corporatism.

The propaganda attacks centered on the caricature of "Tito the Butcher" of the working class, aimed to pinpoint him as a covert agent of Western imperialism. Tito was in fact welcomed by Western powers as an ally, but he never lost his communist credentials.

[pieter]

Background

Initially a personal favourite of Stalin, Tito led the national liberation war to the Nazi occupation during the war, then met with the Soviet leadership several times immediately after the war to negotiate the future of Yugoslavia. Over time, these negotiations became less cordial because Tito had the intention neither of handing over executive power nor of accepting foreign intervention or influence (a position Tito later continued within the Non-Aligned Movement).

Tito angered Stalin by agreeing with the projects of Bulgarian leader Georgi Dimitrov, which meant to merge the two Balkan countries into a Balkan Federative Republic according to the projects of Balkan Communist Federation. This led to the 1947 cooperation agreement signed in Bled (Dimitrov also pressured Romania to join such a federation, expressing his beliefs during a visit to Bucharest in early 1948). The Bled agreement, also referred to as the "Tito-Dimitrov treaty", was signed 1 August 1947 in Bled, Slovenia. It foresaw also unification between Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and return of Western Outlands to Bulgaria. The policies resulting from the agreement were reversed after the Tito-Stalin split in June 1948, when Bulgaria was being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union and took a stance against Yugoslavia.

The policy of regional blocs had been the norm in Comintern policies, displaying Soviet resentment of the nation-state in Eastern Europe and of the consequences of Paris Peace Conference. With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the Cominform came Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet hegemony during the Cold War.

source: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism

[pieter]

Outcome and influence

The League of Communists of Yugoslavia retained solid power; as in all Communist regimes, the legislature did little more than rubber stamp decisions already made by the LCY's Politburo. The secret police, the State Security Administration (UDBA), while operating with considerably more restraint than its counterparts in the rest of Eastern Europe, was nonetheless a feared tool of government control. UDBA was particularly notorious for assassinating suspected "enemies of the state" who lived in exile overseas.[1] The media remained under restrictions that were onerous by Western standards, but still had more latitude than their counterparts in other Communist countries. Nationalist groups were a particular target of the authorities, with numerous arrests and prison sentences handed down over the years for separatist activities. Although the Soviets revised their attitudes under Nikita Khrushchev during the process of de-Stalinization and sought to normalize relations with the Yugoslavs while obtaining influence in the Non-Aligned Movement, the answer they got was never enthusiastic and the Soviet Union never gained a proper outlet to the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, the Non-Aligned states failed to form a third Bloc, especially after the split at the outcome of the 1973 oil crisis.

Leonid Brezhnev's conservative attitudes yet again chilled relations between the two countries (although they never degenerated to the level of the conflict with Stalin). Yugoslavia backed Czechoslovakia's leader Alexander Dubček during the 1968 Prague Spring and then cultivated a special (albeit incidental) relation with the maverick Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu. Titoism was similar to Dubček's socialism with a human face while Ceaușescu attracted sympathies for his refusal to condone (and take part in) the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which briefly seemed to constitute a casus belli between Romania and the Soviets. However, Ceaușescu was an unlikely member of the alliance since he profited from the events in order to push his authoritarian agenda inside Romania.

After Brezhnev brought Czechoslovakia to heel in 1968, Romania and Yugoslavia maintained privileged connections up to the mid-1980s. Ceaușescu adapted the part of Titoism that made reference to the "conditions of a particular country", but merged them with Romanian nationalism and contrasting North Korean Juche beliefs while embarking on a particular form of Cultural Revolution. The synthesis can be roughly compared with the parallel developments of Hoxhaism and found Ceaușescu strong, perhaps unsought, supporters in National Bolshevism theorists such as the Belgian Jean-François Thiriart.

Tito's own ideology became less clear with the pressures of various nationalisms within Yugoslavia and the problems posed by the 1970s Croatian Spring. In terms of economics, Yugoslavia became somewhat closer to a free-market, neatly separated from other Socialist regimes in Eastern Europe (and marked by a permissive attitude towards seasonal labor of Yugoslav citizens in Western Europe). At the same time, the leadership did put a stop to overt capitalist attempts (such as Stjepan Mesić's experiment with privatization in Orahovica) and crushed the dissidence of liberal thinkers such as former leader Milovan Đilas while it also clamped down on centrifugal attempts, promoting a Yugoslav patriotism.

Although still claimed as official policies, virtually all aspects of Titoism went into rapid decline after Tito's death in 1980, being replaced by the rival policies of constituent republics. During the late 1980s, with nationalism on the rise, revised Titoism was arguably kept as a point of reference by political movements caught disadvantaged by the main trends, such as civic forums in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia.

Source: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito–Stalin_split
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism