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Post by pieter on Feb 17, 2022 20:11:42 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Feb 17, 2022 20:13:56 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Feb 17, 2022 20:15:59 GMT -7
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Post by karl on Feb 20, 2022 13:08:20 GMT -7
Pieter
What Indonesia and the Netherlands experienced as a European colonial power over their colony of that time appears as what could be called, usual. This is when a colony breaks away from the occupational European power for their freedom as a sovereign state hood. Rather good or bad is to the loser and winner in the out come. The simular was to several areas of Africa as the various colonies revolted or how ever to break out from their European nooses.
The end result is as it appears usually very good for the former colony.
Karl
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 4:35:53 GMT -7
Karl, I agree with you. That is a fact. Indonesia is doing well. It is the largest Muslim nation in the world, a democracy and an Independent sovereign nation. You still have the old colonial elements in the Netherlands, Indonesia and South-Africa. The old Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) buildings in Amsterdam, Middelburg, Cape Town and Jakarta. In Arnhem you have the old colonial Dutch Indies focussed Bronbeek army Museum. A lot of wealthy estates, large villa’s, manor houses and country houses in muncipalities around Arnhem like Oosterbeek, Doorwerth, Heelsum, Wolfheze and Rozendaal are build with colonial money. The Dutch East India Company was in fact an early-modern corporate model of vertically integrated global supply chain and a proto-conglomerate, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as international trade (especially intra-Asian trade), shipbuilding, and both production and trade of East Indian spices, Indonesian coffee, Formosan sugarcane, and South African wine. The company was a transcontinental employer and a corporate pioneer of outward foreign direct investment in the early modern world. At the dawn of modern capitalism, wherever Dutch capital went, urban features were developed, economic activities expanded, new industries established, new jobs created, trading companies operated, swamps drained, mines opened, forests exploited, canals constructed, mills turned, and ships were built. In the early modern period, the Dutch were pioneering investors and capitalists who raised the commercial and industrial potential of underdeveloped or undeveloped lands whose resources they exploited, whether for better or worse. For example, the native economies of pre-VOC-era Taiwan and South Africa were largely rural. It was VOC employees who established and developed the first modern urban areas in the history of Taiwan (Tainan) and South Africa (Cape Town and Stellenbosch). Founded in 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), started off as a spice trader. In the same year, the VOC undertook the world's first recorded IPO (Initial public offering). "Going public" enabled the company to raise the vast sum of 6.5 million guilders quickly. The VOC's institutional innovations and business practices laid the foundations for the rise of modern-day global corporations and capital markets that now dominate the world's economic systems. East of Solor, on the island of Timor, Dutch advances were halted by an autonomous and powerful group of Portuguese Eurasians called the Topasses. They remained in control of the Sandalwood trade and their resistance lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, causing Portuguese Timor to remain under the Portuguese sphere of control. Imagine that from 1602 until 1950 the Dutch were present in Indonesia 🇮🇩. Waging war with the Portuguese, Javanese, the Topasses, Aceh people, Balinese, Moluccans, and other peoples, during the Second World War with the Japanese army, navy and Airforce. The Dutch were defeated by the Japanese, but pockets of resistance by combined Dutch, Australian and Moluccan resistance fighters existed. When Japan invaded the East Indies in 1942 rebellious groups began to compete for the goodwill of the new colonial masters. In the course of these events, remaining Europeans were either killed or sent as forced labour into Japanese concentration camps. “Those who had welcomed the Japanese as liberators were often quickly discouraged”. Japanese military authorities in Java, having interned Dutch administrative personnel, found it necessary to use Indonesians in many administrative positions, which thus gave them opportunities that had been denied them under the Dutch. In order to secure popular acceptance of their rule, the Japanese sought also to enlist the support of both nationalist and Islamic leaders. Under this policy Sukarno and Hatta both accepted positions in the military administration. The occupying power brutally quelled resistance since its ultimate aim was to incorporate the East Indies into the ‘Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere’ – a Japanese dominated Imperial order. Nonetheless. In their attempts to mobilize the population for World War II the Japanese gave Indonesia’s Nationalist and Islamic organizations political opportunities they had been denied by their old colonial masters. And when the Showa leaders finally realized that they could no longer win the Pacific War, they began to actively prepare a selected national elite for Indonesia‘s independence. The aim of such policy was to frustrate the reconquest of the allied powers so that when the Dutch returned to Indonesia in 1945 their old colonial order no longer existed. Instead, Sukarno’s armed independence movement was ready to challenge Dutch presence in the archipelago. After four years of guerilla warfare the Nationalist movement finally succeeded in ending more than 300 years of Dutch colonial presence in the East Indies. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoorcompagnieCheers, Pieter |
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 5:26:54 GMT -7
Karl,
The Dutch Indies play a role in my families heritage. My father and uncles who were officers in the Dutch Marine Corps were in Indonesia 🇮🇩 during the war of independence. That war took place from 1946 until 1950. In 1945 first the British fought with Indonesian nationalists to protect the lives and properties of Europeans in the back then Dutch Indies. The chaotic times from 1945 and 1946 were terrible for many European, Eurasian (Indo) and Chinese people. They were attacked by radicalized gangs of Javanese youth and men in that chaotic period with lack of rule and law and order. It was called the Bersiap time. Many Dutch and Indo people had life long mental trauma, PTSD due to that Bersiap era.Bersiap Bersiap is the name given by the Dutch to a violent and chaotic phase of the Indonesian National Revolution following the end of World War II. The Indonesian word bersiap means 'get ready' or 'be prepared'. The Bersiap period lasted from August 1945 to December 1946. In Indonesia, other terms aside from bersiap are commonly used, such as gedoran in Depok, ngeli in Banten and surrounding West Java, and gegeran and dombreng in Central Java.
The period started with revolutionary violence occurring during the increasing power vacuum left by the retreating Japanese occupational forces and the gradual buildup of a British military presence but before the official handover to a Dutch military presence. The term refers to that period when, Sukarno declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945.
Thousands of Eurasian people were killed by Indonesian natives (mainly Javanese people). Many people were also killed among non-European groups such as Chinese and native Indonesians like Moluccans, Javanese and other people of higher economic standings. The violence led to forced repatriation and worldwide diaspora of the Indo people. Marching fanatic Pemuda's during the Bersiap time (1945-1946The period ended with the departure of the British military in 1946, by which time the Dutch had rebuilt their military capacity. Meanwhile, the Indonesian revolutionary fighters were well into the process of forming a formal military. The last Japanese troops had been evacuated by July 1946.
An archived eyewitness statement of the events of 22 October 1945 states:
Before each execution Sutomo mockingly asked the crowd what should be done with this "Musuh (enemy) of the people". The crowd yelled "Bunuh!" (kill!) after which the executioner named Rustam decapitated the victim with one stroke of his sword. The victim was then left to the bloodthirst of boys 10, 11 and 12 years old. ...[who] further mutilated the body." "Women were tied to the tree in the back yard and pierced through the genitals with "bambu runcing" (bamboo spears) until they died.
On Sutomo's orders the decapitated bodies were disposed of in the sea; the women were thrown in the river. These Javanese masses were indoctrinated by Japanese propaganda and the Nationalist leaders. Sometimes Japanese guards after their surrender defended prisoners in Japanese concentration camps against the murdering, pillaging, raping Lynch mobs of Javanese youth and men. European women with children were vulnerable and Eurasian women and children with European looks as well. Due to the segregation of European women and men in different camps, you had Japanese concentration camps with Dutch women and children. These were attacked by the extremist Javanese Permudas,
This particular phase of the Indonesian revolution is thus termed Bersiap by Dutch Indo (Eurasian) survivors of the period and is used in academic works in Dutch and English. The term is derived from the Indonesian battle cry and perpetual call to arms: "Siap!" – "Get Ready!" heard when potential enemies of the revolution were entering pro-republican areas.Today the term Bersiap killings is also used to avoid confusion.  Suspects are removed during the Bersiap. © Hollandse Hoogte / Spaarnestad PhotoOn 15 August 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the Allies. As there was, for the most part, no Allied re-conquest of the western part of the Dutch East Indies (The eastern islands were already occupied by the Allies), the Japanese were still in charge on Java and Sumatra and had received specific orders to maintain the status quo until Allied forces arrived on these islands. Sukarno, Hatta, and the older leadership were hesitant to act and did not want to provoke conflict with the Japanese. Vice Admiral Maeda Tadashi, fearing volatile youth groups, and the demoralised Japanese troops, wanted a quick transfer of power to the older generation of Indonesian leaders.
While the older nationalist leadership group, including Sukarno and Hatta, were reluctant, younger members of the new elite, the 'youth' (Indonesian: pemuda), believed they had a duty to push for revolution. A group associated with Menteng 31 kidnapped both Sukarno and Hatta and forced them to agree to declaring Indonesian independence. On 17 August 1945, two days after the surrender, Sukarno and Hatta declared independence at Sukarno's house in Jakarta. Indonesian staff briefly seized Jakarta radio from their Japanese supervisors and broadcast the news of the declaration across Java.
It was mid-September before news of the declaration of independence spread across the island Java, and many Indonesians far from the capital Jakarta did not believe it. As the news spread, most Indonesians came to regard themselves as pro-Republican, and a mood of revolution swept across the country. External power had shifted; it would be weeks before the Allied Forces entered the island of Java, and the Dutch were too weakened by World War II. The Japanese, on the other hand, were required by the terms of the surrender to both lay down their arms and maintain order; a contradiction that some resolved by handing weapons to Japanese-trained Indonesians. At the time of the surrender, there were 70,000 Japanese troops in Java and Sukarno and Hatta were concerned that celebratory independence rallies would result in the guns of Japanese troops being turned on Indonesian crowds. While the older leadership set about constructing a government on paper, they could do little to curb younger mobs who attacked sultans and other members of the Indonesian elite, retaliated violently against those village heads who had assisted Japanese oppression of Indonesian peasants, attacked other alleged "traitors", and fought for turf and weapons. It was an extremely dangerous time for the Dutch and other European women with their children in the concentration camps still guarded by Japanese guards who had surrendered to the allies. The Allie’s ordered the Japanese to maintain law and order and to protect minorities (Europeans, Eurasians, Chinese, Japanese and Moluccans on Java). The only protection of these European, Eurasian, Chinese, Moluccan and Japanese people where the Japanese armed forces and British Gurka’s and other British troops and some Australian troops.
The resulting power vacuums in the weeks following the Japanese surrender created an atmosphere of uncertainty, but also one of opportunity for the Republicans. Many pemuda joined pro-Republic struggle groups (badan perjuangan). The most disciplined were soldiers from the Japanese-formed but disbanded Giyugun (PETA) and Heiho groups. Many groups were undisciplined, due to both the circumstances of their formation and what they perceived as revolutionary spirit. In the first weeks, Japanese troops often withdrew from urban areas to avoid confrontations. However, as Republican youths fought to secure the cities and take arms, attacks on the Japanese did occur, usually following Allied orders for the Japanese to disarm Indonesian troops. Many of the Indonesian militia and some Japanese troops had no intention of allowing Indonesian disarmament, and in places like Bandung open conflict broke out.
By September 1945, control of major infrastructure installations, including railway stations and trams in Java's largest cities, had been taken over by Republican pemuda. To spread the revolutionary message, pemuda set up their own radio stations and newspapers, and graffiti proclaimed the nationalist sentiment. On most islands, struggle committees and militia were set up. Republican newspapers and journals were common in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Surakarta. They fostered a generation of writers known as angkatan 45 ('generation of 45') many of whom believed their work could be part of the revolution. In southern Kalimantan, Australian Communist soldiers spread the word of the Indonesian independence declaration.
Republican leaders struggled to come to terms with popular sentiment; some wanted passionate armed struggle; others a more reasoned approach. Some leaders, such as the leftist Tan Malaka, spread the idea that this was a revolutionary struggle to be led and won by the Indonesian pemuda. Sukarno and Hatta, in contrast, were more interested in planning out a government and institutions to achieve independence through diplomacy. Pro-revolution demonstrations took place in large cities, including one led by Tan Malaka in Jakarta with over 200,000 people, which Sukarno and Hatta, fearing violence, successfully quelled.
By September 1945, many of the self-proclaimed pemuda, who were ready to die for '100% freedom', were becoming impatient. It was common for ethnic 'out-groups' — Dutch internees, Eurasians, Ambonese and Chinese — and anyone considered to be a spy, to be subjected to intimidation, kidnap, robbery, and murder and organised massacres. Such attacks would continue to some extent for the course of the revolution. Dutch Women and Children were killed in such attacks, and Indo Eurasians and Chinese as well. Anti Chinese pogroms took place in Indonesia for centuries. The Chinese were some sort of Scapegoat for the Javanese. As the level of violence increased across the country, the Sukarno- and Hatta-led Republican government in Jakarta urged calm. However, pemuda, in favour of armed struggle, saw the older leadership as dithering and betraying the revolution, which often led to conflict amongst Indonesians.
On October 28, 1945, a convoy with women and children to Bandung was attacked by extremists and more than a hundred Dutch European women, children and their Gurkas were killed prematurely. Only a mother and her son survived this massacre.
In Slawi, Tegal, there was a mass grave in which thousands of Indo-European (Eurasian Indo) persons were buried. In the Kraton one found the graves of several murdered families and in Brebes a grave in which fifty remains had found their final resting place in a well of East Indonesians. In Djati Barang Lor was a grave with twenty victims, while a well at Balaipoellang contained the remains of sixteen men, women and children, who had died in the most inhumane way.
This concerned a number of Indo-European families who were first tortured and dishonored for days in a house with the crudest means and then dragged bleeding to the well to be beheaded. The small children were hit with the head against the stone edge and then threw them into the water.
When the water filled the well and when it was the turn of the mother's two youngest children, the executioners grew tired. They didn't hit hard enough and the wound was too shallow to expose the little ones to drowning. These children survived the drama and were later taken care of by relatives. For the rest of their lives these children suffered from Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).  The remains of a murdered Eurasian Indo woman in the Antjol canal in Batavia during Bersiap (1945-1946), today Jakarta. The position of the Eurasian Indos was difficult because they formed an intermediate group between the White European colonials on the one hand and the Javanese natives on the other. Indos were often colonial officials and members of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL), which existed alongside the Dutch army, the Lanmacht. As a result, they had to deal with the hatred of the Javanese, who were Indonesian Nationalists. The Chinese in Indonesia you could compare to the Jews in the time of the Pogroms in Czarist Russia. They were the scape goat and lynhcings, massacres and thus murderous attacks against the Chinese minority were common. Murdered Europeans by extremist Pemuda Republican Indonesian Youth groups. Probably Dutch people. Murdered Dutch people in Java during the Bersiap time The remains of a murdered European (Probably Dutch) women during the Bersiap periodI wonder if all these Dutch and colonial forces which fought on the Dutch side during the Indonesian war of Independence were partly motivated by revenge against the Japanese and Javanese Indonesian attrocities against the White European minority, Eurasians (Indo's), Chinese, Javanese colonial collaborators and elite and the Moluccan colonial forces. There is evidence that the Moluccans had a motivation of revenge. My father said that the Moluccans when at war were fanatical and scary, with bloodshot eyes, and in a frenzy they would attack a Javanese Dessa (Village) and with their knives, kris knives, swords, guns and pistols would commit massacres on the Javanese people as loyal colonial Dutch troops. Of course white European Dutch troops also committed war crimes, tortured Javanese people in these Dessa's with electricity or water boarding kind of techniques and in revenge for killed comrades they would gather and kill villagers in reprisals. Next to the Dutch army (de landmacht), you had the Royal Dutch Indies Army (KNIL, Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger), the Royal Dutch Marine Corps, the Dutch Commando troops and the Dutch Navy and Airforce. A weird para-military Pro-Dutch militia was the Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (APRA) of the legendary and notorious former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling. By some (Dutch army, KNIL and Marine Corps veterans of native Dutch, Moluccan and Eurasian Indo descent) he was seen as their anti-Indonesian hero and by others he was seen as a notorious war criminal and reckless adventurer. After the Second World War, hundreds of former Dutch SS and others who fought for the Nazis in German military service served the Dutch cause in the decolonization war in the Dutch East Indies (1945-1949) and in Korea (1950-1953).
Former SS men could be called up for service in the Dutch East Indies if they were men who were still of military age and were called up for that reason. No conscripts were sent to Korea, only volunteers. When the Netherlands failed to fill a battalion, the ranks were also opened to former SS men. It is estimated that between 600 and 1000 men with a German military background went to the Indies, while in Korea at least forty and possibly dozens more with that background fought there.
Usually soldiers who had previously served the German occupier did not flaunt this, but it still happened regularly that they fell through the basket. This could happen, for example, after a confession under the influence of alcohol or because they were very skilled in handling weapons, or were very soldierly in their behaviour, such as fingering the seam of the trousers and slapping the heels while saluting. This was not always met with understanding. For example, the Korean-goer Jan Folmer, who had had a long career with the Waffen-SS, was attacked more than once for that reason. On one occasion he was attacked with a knife, while on another occasion an attempt was made to push him into the water from the boat bound for Korea. One of the attackers was Harry Cohen, a soldier of Jewish descent. Later Cohen would reconcile with Jan Folmer and they even had themselves photographed together on leave in Japan.
In general, people reacted with skepticism when the erroneous war past became known to other soldiers. However, this attitude later changed when it turned out that these soldiers, with their great military experience, were an asset in the battle. For example, the former SS man Jan Niessen served in the Dutch East Indies and he managed to get his colleagues to go on patrol with him, because then the chance of survival was greatest. Lifelong friendships were even made with former SS men by soldiers who could not have imagined it before. Typical was the remark of Jaap Vlaming, who served in Korea, who remarked about the criminals and former SS men he encountered there: 'Without the help of these 'thieves' and 'war criminals' I would never have survived.'
It seems that military society was more forgiving than civilian society. That in itself is understandable. Whether you like each other or not in a war situation you desperately need each other to survive and in such a situation you were not judged so much on what you had been up to in the past, but what you now brought as a soldier. And usually that was a lot, as many testimonies showed. Due to their heavy German military training and their war experience, these soldiers had added value that the Dutch army could use. Karate champion Jon Bluming, for example, called the former SS men with whom he served in Korea "insanely good soldiers." And he wasn't alone. Officers, too, later looked back with admiration at the efforts and experience of these men who were still outcasts in civil society. Legion of Ratu Adil The Legion of Ratu Adil, also known as Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (APRA) or the Just King Legion was a pro-Dutch militia and private army established during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was founded by the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling following his demobilisation on 15 January 1949. The militia's name was derived from a passage from the medieval Book of Prophecies of Joyo Boyo which prophesied the coming of a Ratu Adil or Just King/Queen who would be of Turkish descent and come to save the people of Java and establish universal peace and justice. With his mixed Turkish heritage in mind, Westerling used the myth of the Just King to create a following. Raymond Pierre Paul Westerling (31 August 1919 – 26 November 1987) was a Greek-Dutch military officer of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. He orchestrated a contraguerrilla in Sulawesi during the Indonesian National Revolution after World War II and participated in a coup attempt against the Indonesian government in January 1950, a month after the official transfer of sovereignty. Both actions were denounced as war crimes by the Indonesian authorities. Although his nickname was "The Turk", Westerling was actually of Greek ethnic background.Westerling sought to preserve the component states of the federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia against what he perceived as the Javanese-dominated unitary Republic of Indonesia led by Sukarno and Hatta.[3] APRA was recruited from several anti-Republican factions including former Republican guerillas, Darul Islam, Ambonese, Malays, Minahasa, demobilised KNIL, Regiment Special Forces and Royal Netherlands Army personnel. By 1950, APRA had evolved from a series of rural self-defense units into a 2,000-strong fighting force. Unhappy with the growing influence of Sukarno's government, Westerling conspired with the federalist Sultan of Pontianak Hamid II to launch a coup in January 1950. Members of Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil (APRA) in a movie about APRA The feared and loathed members of APRA in Bandung in 1950 in the time of Indonesian Independence which APRA resisted Members of the Indonesian Nationalist army TNI killed by the feared and loathed members of APRA in Bandung in 1950 in the time of Indonesian Independence which APRA resistedOn 23 January 1950, APRA launched a coup d’état against the Republican government. While the Legion managed to temporarily occupy Bandung, they failed to occupy Jakarta. Westerling had planned to overthrow the RUSI Cabinet and assassinate several prominent Republican figures including the Defense Minister Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Secretary-General Ali Budiardjo. The coup's failure demoralized the Legion's belief in Westerling and he was forced to flee to Singapore. Without a strong leader, APRA had ceased to function by February 1950. APRA's actions led to the incarceration of Hamid II and accelerated the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia on 17 August 1950, turning Indonesia into a unitary state dominated by the central government in Jakarta. Emblem of Legion of Ratu AdilCheers,
Pieter
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 5:34:23 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 5:35:55 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 7:30:46 GMT -7
Karl,
On a daily basis Indo Eurasians, Indonesian-Chinese restaurants, our Dutch Indies food in the supermarket (Nasi, Bami, Saté, Atjar Tjampoer, Indische rijsttafel-Indian ricetable-) reminds me of the colonial era next to the Dutch East Indies Company (V.O.C.) buildings in the Netherlands, South Africa and Indomesia.
The Eurasian Indo presence is a nice one, because these are integrated and assimilated people who are connected to the Native Dutch people and often have relationships and children with native Dutch people. Eurasian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Philippinian, Thai, Burmese, Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese and Japanese women are popular amongst Dutch men, so there are a lot of mixed marriages and thus Eurasian people in the Netherlands.
Dutch people love Eurasian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Philippinian, Thai, Burmese, Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Cambodian, Laos, Moluccan food and food from India (the Hindu Roti dish for instance), Arab, Berber North African, Israeli/Egyptian/Lebanese/Jordanian Fallafel and Shawarma (שווארמה شاورما) and Shashlik and Turkish Döner kebab, next to the Greek, Belgian, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese cuisines Dutch people love, like the Germans, British and Scandinavian tourists love them. We have all these cuisines and restaurants in the Netherlands. Of course the Dutch occasionally love a British Breakfest or brunch with eggs and bacon and beans in tomato saus and German Krakauer and Berliner sausages and German beer and German dishes when they are in Germany. But even in Germany I went to an Indian Hindu restaurant in Berlin and an Iranian Persian restaurant in Kassel next to German restaurants. Due to our colonial heritage and because we are Globe Trotters who sail the oceans and cross Europe and the world by train, car, vans, touring car busses, Campers, transport trucks, Chesna Planes, Boeing and huge Airbus planes, we like exotic food.
Old veterans of the Indonesian war of independence kept eating Indische (Dutch Indies) meals and Indonesian Javanese, Sumatran, Aceh, Borneo, Lombok, Celebes, Flores, Sumba, Sumbawa, Ceramese and Ambonese (Moluccan) food. The Orient, South East Asia, Indonesians and Eurasians and Ambonese Moluccan people are part of our heritage and they are here to stay. This weekly and daily I am reminder of that Colonial past in a pleasant way. Beautiful Indo women and girls, Chinese people from Indonesia 🇮🇩, Javanese, Balinese, Ambonese (Moluccan), Sundanese, Papua people in the Netherlands, their cuisines, their restaurants, their presence, their cultures, their customs and traditions.
We have our Dutch version of Passar Malam in concert halls or theatres and even once in the tropical section of the Arnhem Burgers Bush Zoo.
Pasar malam (Dutch: Nacht Markt or Avondmarkt) is an Indonesian and Malay word that literally means "night market" (the word comes from bazaar in Persian). A pasar malam is a street market in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore that opens in the evening, usually in residential neighbourhoods.
It brings together a collection of stalls that usually sell goods such as snacks, local favourite dishes, fruits, clothes, shoes, toys, balloons, watch and alarm clocks, knick-knacks and ornaments at cheap or at least reasonable prices. Unauthorized copies of DVDs, CDs and computer software are often sold at a pasar malam.
Pasar malam might resemble a night festival or a fairground, where fair games and kiddy rides, like mini carousel or mini train ride may also present. Several quintessential fair snacks like cotton candy, ice cream, hot dogs and grilled sausages are also popular, next to the offerings of traditional local delicacies. A pasar malam often takes place only one to a few days of the week, as the traders rotate around different neighbourhoods on different days of the week. Haggling over prices is a common practice at such markets.
Cheers,
Pieter
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 7:40:02 GMT -7
The Dutch minister of Foreign Affairs at the opening of the Passar Malam 2010 in The Hague
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 7:42:01 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 7:46:44 GMT -7
This video was made by me and a colleague of Indonesian background. I liked the dances.
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 15:58:38 GMT -7
Besides the so called nice exotic, oriental, Asian, cultural, esthetic (beautiful women and delicious food) and other good things of Indonesia and the Dutch Indies the white Indische Nederlanders (white colonials), the Dutch Eurasian Indo's, Ambonese Moluccians and Javanese, Balinese and other Indonesian peoples who came to the Netherlands in the late forties, fifties and sixties also brought with them the trauma of discrimination in the Dutch Indies and later in the Netherlands, the trauma's of the Brutal Japanese concentrationcamps, which mentally mutilated so many European and Eurasian women and children and men. And after that the terrible Bersiap time of 1945 and 1946 when the camps were unprotected and were attacked by the Pemuda's with their Bambu spears, Kris knives, machetes, bayonets and guns and rifles, and after that the vicious colonial war, called Politionele Acties (Police actions) in Dutch and the Indonesian War of Independence in Indonesia and the rest of the world. People came to the Netherlands with trauma, silent grief, missing family members and loved ones that died in the Japanese camps or whom were killed in the Bersiap time or during the Indonesian War of Independence. They came to the Netherlands where the Second World War had token place and where people were little empathic with people who repatriated from the Dutch Indies. The Dutch in the Netherlands had had their Nazi occupation, famine, losses and had to rebuild the Netherlands. Only after decades when the 'Victims of the Japanese concentration camps and Bersiap time' got special War psychiatric treatment together with victims of the Holocaust (former inmates of Dachau, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Bergen Belsen, Neuengamme, Theresienstadt, Maydanek, Sobibor, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler-Struthof, Durchgangslager Amersfoort or Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch (niederländisch Kamp Vught) they got recognition, because the Holocaust survivors recognised their suffering in during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch Indies and that terrible Bersiap time (1945-1946). Late post-traumatic effects in 'Indian' camp victimsIn the decade 1970-1980, a large number of institutions for health care and social services received an increasing number of requests for help from people with unprocessed war problems. The Pelita Foundation. who, in the context of the Benefits for Persecution Victims Act 1940 1945 (called WUV for short), in those years was especially involved in supervising the material applications of 'Indonesian' victims of persecution, received an average of about 12,000 applications per year in the years 1975 and 1976 to process. During the home visits to these persecuted, it soon became apparent that some were in dire need of immaterial help in addition to material needs. There was also such a need for help. and earlier, found among the victims of persecution of the Nazis in the Netherlands and Europe, so that in mid-1975 the government decided to have an investigation into the nature by a panel of experts. the extent and the reception of intangible aid needs among war victims in the most general sense of the word. According to this Work and Advice College on Intangible Assistance to War Affected Persons. that his investigations started in mid-1975 and ended in mid-1978, there could be more than 20,000 and less than 100,000 'Indian' persecuted persons who are in a critical phase as many of them have reached an age where the mastery and control of the suppressed, unprocessed traumata threatens to fail. Recent figures from the Pelita Foundation also point in this direction. This foundation, which since 1980, coupled with the supervision of material (WUV) applications, also pays the necessary attention to possible intangible aid needs. notes that more than a quarter of the 'Indonesian' persecuted have clear problems related to persecution experiences. In view of the number of the 'Indonesian' persecuted who came to the Netherlands at the time and who are still alive, which can now be estimated at approximately 100,000, this would therefore concern more than 25,000 Indies' persecuted. A large proportion of them are not yet motivated for psychotherapeutic treatment for various reasons: only 5 to 6% of them were or are already being treated.
However, most doctors and care providers still know little about the specific problems of this persecuted group. It exhibits symptoms similar in many respects to the post-traumatic syndromes seen in people exposed to the prolonged and life-threatening stress in European concentration camps. However, the problem of the 'Indian' victims of persecution also differs in several respects from that of the persecuted in Europe. The concentration camps in Europe were mainly aimed at physical destruction. The Japanese occupier focused on destroying Western influence in the Asian world. The relatively small group of Dutch people compared to the millions of Asians could not escape the measures of social elimination, arbitrariness and humiliation directed against them. An underground resistance was virtually impossible. After the Japanese capitulation, many Dutch were interned again and detained for years by the Indonesians, often under appalling conditions. The number of re-internees is estimated at 50,000; the number of dead from the post-war period, the Bersiap time (the guerrillas during the Indonesian war of independence), at 10,000.From trauma to traumatic situationPsychological trauma is often an unexpected and unwanted one. intense experience that is so strong and overwhelming that it cannot be adequately processed by the person, causing permanent abnormalities in psychological functioning Freud makes a distinction in his 'Einleitung zur Psychoanalyse der Kriegsneurosen' between traumata caused by external danger and traumata, caused by inner overwhelm. "In den traumatischen und Kriegsneurosen wehrt sich das Ich des Menschen gegen eine Gefahr, die ihm von aussen droht, bei den friedli-chen Übertragungsneurosen wertet das Ich seine Libido selbst als den Feinduma Trantission" gives "Sequence" in his Kinder dissertation. a description of the development of the concept of 'trauma' into 'traumatic situation', in which in the latter case especially the accumulation of traumatic events is seen as the cause of the late psychological decompensation.
The situation in the former Dutch East Indies was as such. The following distinction in traumatic sequences can be made:
- 1st phase: the beginning of the war until the internment, when there was turmoil and separation of the fathers:
- 2nd phase: the internment period;
- 3rd phase: the post-war period, which was very traumatic for many adults and children in the Dutch East Indies, partly due to the renewed war with the Indonesians, the Bersiap time. the severing of family ties, the repatriation and uprooting from the old environment.
In a severe traumatic situation, caused by external danger, damage to the personality structure can occur, with permanent changes in self-esteem, an inability to enter into intimate relationships and relationships of trust. Although most people have various defenses against threats, at some point everyone reaches a breaking point, which affects the psychological balance and creates feelings of panic and powerlessness. According to Dohrenwend, this breaking point occurs with a combination of loss of relatives and relatives, physical illness and (or) abuse and the lack of psychosocial support from the environment. In children, the ability of the child's personality to cope with traumatic events depends on the child's age and stage of development: it is known that the loss of a parent in the early years of life increases the risk of serious depressive syndromes in adulthood than a 'normal' development. The children who were older than 6 years of age in the camp will above all have had to miss an intellectual and social training, which after the war years was often very difficult or completely impossible to catch up with.The traumatic situationThe traumatic situations to which many 'Dutch Indies' Dutch were exposed during the Japanese occupation and the Indonesian persecution afterwards, were among others:
— long-term life-threatening situations where, although there were no destruction-oriented camps such as in Europe, they were continuously confronted with the threat of death for a long time
— malnutrition (chronic hunger), which caused starvation edema. Diseases such as beri-beri, dysentery. malaria and the like were common;
— poor to absent medical care, which increased the life threat:
— physical abuse, atrocities and torture or the threat thereof, as well as exhaustion from repetitive transports. prolonged roll calls and withholding food;
— the loss of loved ones and relatives;
— frightening situations as a result of intimidation and punishment for incomprehensible reasons, which threatened to lose the sense of causation;
— constant humiliation and shame, partly caused by cultural differences;
— the monotony, the lack of the conditions for intellectual and emotional formation, which left school-age children in particular with a great intellectual and emotional disadvantage;
— a strong suppression of the highly forbidden aggressive feelings, which in many children may lead to character deformations. that lead to adjustment disorders later in life.Diagnosis of post-traumatic persecution syndromeThe post-traumatic syndrome resulting from persecution in adults and children older than 10 years is characterized by a cluster of symptoms:
1 In the past, a clearly traumatic situation took place, which would cause intense emotions, including panic and powerlessness, in almost everyone.
2. A reliving of the traumatic event for apparently minor reasons, whereby:
— images of the traumatic event force themselves into consciousness; (the extreme blunt, sadistic, bestial, rude, extremely aggressive, and terrible violence these children experienced where beyond what a human being can bare. It is traumatic for an adult, but for a child it has life long mental and physical implications, experiencing murder, rape, mutilation and massacres at such a young age is abnormal)
— nightmares or fearful dreams about the traumatic event occur;
— one reacts to stimuli that evoke associations with the trauma as if the traumatic event were happening again.
3. Reduced involvement with the environment, which is expressed in, among other things:
— a marked loss of interest in one or more important activities;
— feelings of alienation towards self and others;
— a rigidity and restriction of affect, resulting in an inability to love and share intimacy.
4. Exaggerated startle responses to ordinary everyday events;
— sleep disturbances;
— feelings of guilt about having outlived others (survi-vor-guilt ). which can lead to masochistic behavior;
— a feeling of being betrayed or abused by society, leading to an attitude of resentment and mistrust of the world;
— avoiding activities that could trigger the traumatic experiences again;
— a reinforcement of the symptoms in situations that resemble the traumatic event or that symbolize the trauma;
— neurasthenic complaints, such as headache, pain in the neck and back pain, often in addition to the above symptoms. Case descriptionIt concerns a 45-year-old divorced woman, with three children, who is a teacher by profession. She was admitted to a psychiatric hospital because of intense fears, depression and excessive alcohol consumption.
It is important from the previous history that she was born in the Dutch East Indies. In 1942 the family was sent to a camp. She endured many traumatic situations between the ages of 7 and 12 and experienced serious life-threatening situations. During a transport after the Japanese capitulation, the family was shot at by Indonesians; a younger sister and brother were killed and an aunt bled to death after an arm was shot off. During the camp period she suffered from various infectious diseases, including dysentery and diphtheria; medical care was poor; a camp doctor was clubbed to death before her eyes. In 1946 the family repatriated to Holland. The patient attended the training college with great success. She married at the age of 24. At first everything seemed to be, both in the social sphere and in the private sphere. to go well. After ten years, her brother committed suicide. The 'survivor-guilt' was thereby strengthened. She could not discuss this with her husband and became increasingly gloomy. Marriage conflicts arose; she started using alcohol excessively and was able to cope with her work with more. Abuse by her husband followed and after sixteen years of marriage, a divorce was reached.
She was first treated in a clinic for addicts. She also received psychosocial support in raising her children. This was followed by admission to a psychiatric clinic. During this recording she was very anxious and quickly panicked. In her behavior she was demanding and dominating towards others. She suffered from recurring nightmares, in which she relived the traumatic situations.Stages of Post-Traumatic Persecution SyndromeThe different phases of the post-traumatic syndrome can be distinguished from the above case description:
During the first phase. the shock phase, one is so flattened and still numb, because the experience is so overwhelming. that one cannot comprehend the event.
In the second phase. the denial phase. denial is reinforced, so as not to experience the fear, sorrow, pain and anger. Sometimes unexpected emotional outbursts occur. This second phase can take many years.
After the traumatic situation, the patient went back to school. She was very active and had many friends. She seemed to function well socially, until her brother died as a result of suicide.
In the dark phase. the psychological decompensation, the defense functions failed and symptoms arose. She was able to suppress the repressed feelings of guilt about the fact that she had outlived her brother and sister, when her brother also died as a result of suicide. Her defense functions failed. Her behavior towards her husband became increasingly masochistic and a sado-masochistic relationship developed with him. She got stuck in her work and increasingly suffered from fears and depressed moods, which she tried to suppress with excessive alcohol consumption.
In the fourth stage there was a disintegration of the personality structure. The traumatic situations were relived regularly. She began to suffer from nightmares and panic fears.
Reintegration can occur in the fifth phase. In this phase a new equilibrium is created. Good reception and adequate social support after the traumatic situation is of great importance.ConclusionMany Dutch Indies persecution victims were able to recover well later on; some of them apparently managed to survive for a long time, as was the case with the patient described above. Persecution victims generally want to be recognized and understood in their traumatic experiences. They can react very strongly to situations associated with past humiliations and abandonments.
Recognizing the post-traumatic persecution syndrome is of great importance to the victims for doctors and care providers. Self-help groups can provide a lot of support in coping with traumatic situations. In the psychotherapeutic contact, the understanding and empathy of the therapist is essential so that the patient has the confidence to relive the traumatic situations in a dosed way, so that the traumata can be processed and the personality structure can function more flexibly and appropriately.LiteratureBeets, N. (1981) The distant war. Boom, Meppel.
Bekkering, P. G. and M. Bekkermg-Merens. (1980) The Japanese camps are not yet a thing of the past. Ned. Journal of Medicine 13, 467-473. dohrenwend. B. P. (1979) Stressful life Events and Psychopathology: Some Issues of Theory and Method. In Stress and Mental Disorder. J. J. Barett et al. 1-15. Raven Press, New York.
Freud. S. (1919) Collected Works. 12. 324. Fischer Verlag.
Horowitz, M.J. (1976) Stress Response Syndromes. Jason Aronson Sue., New York.
Jacobs-Stam, C. M (1981) War, a break in existence, v. Loghum Slaterus, Deventer.
Keilson, H. (1979) Sequencelle Traumatisierung bei Kindern. Enke, Stuttgart.
Montessori. M. M. et al. (1981) Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy on a psychoanalytic basis to war victims, resistance participants and their children. Psychoanalytic Institute Amsterdam.
Velden, D. van (1977) The Japanese civilian camps. Wever b.v., Franeker.
P.J GeerlingsP.S.- Probably John will recognise some of these things. American veterans and Vietnamese civilians has had Similar traumatic experiences. See images below here. Vietnam    The My Lai massacre in Vietnam
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 16:34:15 GMT -7
During the largely forgotten Korean War from June 25, 1950 until July 27, 1953 about 2–3 million Korean civilians died. Next to that 170,927 died on the Western United Nations and USA military side and 398,000–926,000 soldiers died at the North-Korean, Soviet and Chinese side. What attrocities took place there most people are forgotten.
There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean War committed by both sides, starting in the war's first days. On 28 June 1950, North Korean troops committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre. On the same day, South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre, beginning mass killings of suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right-wing groups. Estimates of those killed during the Bodo League massacre range from at least 60,000–110,000 (Kim Dong-choon) to 200,000 (Park Myung-lim). The British protested to their allies about later South Korean mass executions and saved some citizens.
In 2005–2010, a South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated atrocities and other human rights violations through much of the 20th century, from the Japanese colonial period through the Korean War and beyond. It excavated some mass graves from the Bodo League massacres and confirmed the general outlines of those political executions. Of the Korean War-era massacres the commission was petitioned to investigate, 82% were perpetrated by South Korean forces, with 18% perpetrated by North Korean forces.
The commission also received petitions alleging more than 200 large-scale killings of South Korean civilians by the U.S. military during the war, mostly air attacks. It confirmed several such cases, including refugees crowded into a cave attacked with napalm bombs, which survivors said killed 360 people, and an air attack that killed 197 refugees gathered in a field in the far south. It recommended South Korea seek reparations from the United States, but in 2010 a reorganized commission under a new, conservative government concluded that most U.S. mass killings resulted from "military necessity", while in a small number of cases, they concluded, the U.S. military had acted with "low levels of unlawfulness" but the commission recommended against seeking reparations.
In the most notorious U.S. massacre, investigated separately, not by the commission, American troops killed an estimated 250–300 refugees, mostly women and children, at No Gun Ri in central South Korea (26–29 July 1950). U.S. commanders, fearing enemy infiltrators among refugee columns, had adopted a policy of stopping civilian groups approaching U.S. lines, including by gunfire. After years of rejecting survivors’ accounts, the U.S. Army investigated and in 2001 acknowledged the No Gun Ri killings, but claimed they were not ordered and "not a deliberate killing". South Korean officials, after a parallel investigation, said they believed there were orders to shoot. The survivors’ representatives denounced what they described as a U.S. "whitewash".
The US bombing of North Korea has been condemned as a war crime by some authors, because it often included bombing civilian targets and caused many civilians casualties. According to Bruce Cumings, "What hardly any Americans know or remember is that we carpet-bombed the north for three years with next to no concern for civilian casualties.” Author Blaine Harden has called the bombing campaign a "major war crime“ and described it as "long, leisurely and merciless”. He says it's "perhaps the most forgotten part of a forgotten war".
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Post by pieter on Feb 21, 2022 16:42:13 GMT -7
One aspect of Javanese Indonesian culture is their magic music Gamalan and their Gamalan dances. And I will be a life long fan of Indonesian food. My favourite dishes are Nasi Rames, Lumpia, Sami, Tjap Tjoy, Bapi Bangang and Indian rice table.
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