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Post by pieter on Jul 13, 2023 3:25:02 GMT -7
Folks,
I really am worried about Dutch politics and the direction the Netherlands will go in the near future, because today 3 main political parties in the center of Dutch politics, political parties that were part of coalition governments for decades, are without a political leader today, the centrist liberal D66 of Sigrid Kaag, the late Els Borst, Hans van Mierlo, Jan Terlouw, Kajsa Ollongren, Rob Jetten and Sabine Andeweg, the Conservative (Conservative liberal) VVD of Mark Rutte and Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius and the Christian Democratic CDA of Wopke Hoekstra, Karen van Gennip, Hanke Bruins Slot, Hugo de Jonge, Vivianne Heijnen and Marnix van Rij. A lot of names you will say, but only a very few can be the leader and want to be the leader. There is not an easy and fast replacement for Sigrid Kaag in D66, Mark Rutte in the VVD and Wopke Hokestra in the CDA. If you see that the Labour Party is weak and had to align itself with the GreenLeft party you see that the moderate Centrist (Center Left and Center Right) is in a crisis today. Both National Rightwing Populist Parties (PVV, Forum for Democracy and JA21) could gain from this weakness and political implosion in the Center, and the Populists from the Left (Socialist Party [SP], Denk [Think; migrant Populist party, and the far left Bij1) could gain from this. And the Farmer Citizens Movement (BBB) of Caroline van der Plas, a Farmer Populist Party could gain a monster victory in November. If the BBB manages to form a stabile rightwing coalition with for instance the VVD, CDA and JA21 (the most moderate of the Rightwing Populists), that would be okay.
But when we would get a monster coalition of BBB, PVV, Forum for Democracy, JA21 and for instance the Fundamentalist Calvinist Protestant SGP that would be a very bad development. In the latter the Netherlands would look like present day Israel, Turkey and Hungary. And that would be very unfortunate. On the other hand a sharp turn to the left in case of a D66, GreenLeft/Labour (PvdA), Socialist Party (SP), Party for the Animals and for instance Volt Netherlands (a Federal European party) coalition government with the the Social Christian ChristenUnie in it as partner, that would be too Social, too Leftist, to much government and bad for the Dutch economy and our global position. In the case of such a leftist government with high taxes, high spending and a larger state, a lot of International Multinationals and Dutch firms and companies would leave the Netherlands and go to London, the USA, or other countries with lower taxes and a more business friendly climate. By the way, some multi nationals and companies (with international expats of other ethnicities and races) would leave the Nertherlands as well when a Far Right coalition would govern the Netherlands, because for instance Geert Wilders Freedom Party (PVV) is very rightwing, conservative and Eursceptic on immigration, Islam, enviromnmental issues and Europe, but very leftist in social and economical affairs. Geert Wilders PVV comes close to the leftist Socialist Party and GreenLeft on social economical and Financial issues, and prefers a big state as well.
My preference would be that the Centrist political parties would regain their strength, be more modest, keep their elites in check and become less arrogant, haughty and elitist (Glass ceiling, golden cage, backroom politics), reform and transform themselves, and get a better connection with their electorate, party members and base, and think about the future of the Netherlands, the Dutch economy, Financial affairs and Financial state, the housing market (more houses must be build en build fast), health care, education (more better and efficient education, more Research & Development, more Human Capital), agriculture, more investments in our Defence, more investments in our security and safety and thus in our police force (we need more police officers), and in our infrastructure and National Parks and Wilde life. The centrist parties who oppose the Referendum as a democratic tool, should reconsider their opposition against the Referendum. A Democracy is about the will of the people, the will of the majority, inclusive the protection and taking care of the rights of the minority vote. We need to find the democratic balance again, the balance we had in the fifties, sixties, seventies, eighties and nineties, despite the oil crisis, the world wide recession in the late seventies and early eighties, terrorism on Dutch soil, the large Radical Left Autonomen Anarchist squater movement ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomism / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bloc ), large Union and student/pupil protests, and difficult coalitions with political parties with very different ideoligies, ideals and aims. Like in Germany you had some sort of conflict between the moderate, parlaimentarian, Democratic Socialist Social Democratic Labour Party in the government (coalition) and the far left Anarchists on the streets and squated houses in large cities, and the far left Communist and Pacifist Socialist opposition in parliament whom attacked Labour from the Left. Labour Mayors of large cities were often in conflict with these Far Left Anarchist Autonomen squaters in their cities. This confrontation between the Moderate Center Left (Social Democrats) on one side and the extreme left/far left Marxist-Leninsts and radical left Socialists is more than a Century old. Starting in Germany with the Spartacus Uprising on 5–12 January 1919, and the **KPD vs *SPD confrontations in the Weimarer Republik, the Post war 'confrontation' between on one side West-German administrations lead by the SPD and on the other side East Germany (DDR/GDR, the German Democratic Republic) lead by the SED of Erich Honecker. Today you stil see that left divide in Germany between the SPD and Die Linke, in the Netherlands between the Labour Party (PvdA) and the Socialistische Partij (Socialist Party, SP) and in Denmark between Socialdemokratiet on one side and Enhedslisten – De Rød-Grønne on the other side. On the rightwing side the center right Christian Democrats and rightwing Liberals (Conservative Liberals; FDP, VVD and Venstre) stand opposite to our National Rigthwing Populist political parties (Alternative für Deutschland, PVV/Fprum for Democracy, Danmarksdemokraterne/Dansk Folkeparti/Rassemblement National of Marine Le Pen in France and Brothers of Italy of the Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni) which have a National Conservative and Nationalist agenda. It is clear that in this present political climate and political spectrum it is an extremely difficult task for informateurs and formateurs to create New Coalition adminstrations after long negotiations.
The political parties of the Center Left and the Center Right managed to form Grand Coalitions (Große Koalitionen of 2,3 or 4 political parties) and small coalitions (of 2 Parties) and to govern the Netherlands for better and for worse.
My prefered coalition government would be a centrist one of Center left and center right political parties with a long experience in coalition governments. My prefered Coalition administratioin is the following from left to right; 1) GreenLeft/Labour Party, 2) D66, 3) VVD, 4) CDA and 5) if needed the Moderate Rightwing Liberal and National conservative JA21 (I know that JA21 would prefer a center right government of VVD, CDA and JA21). Anyhow there are a lot of domestic and international challenges and problems which need to be solved by a strong Dutch administration.
One of the main issues is the shortage of owner-occupied houses on the housing market, as a result of which young people cannot start their lives and continue to live with their parents. This a huge problem in the densly populated Netherlands. This can't continue this way.
Pieter** * - In the Weimarer Republic 1918–1933 the pro-democracy paramilitary organization of the Social Democrats Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold confronted the far left communist paramilitary organization Rotfrontkämpferbund of the Communist Party of Germany (German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD).
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Post by pieter on Jul 14, 2023 3:22:47 GMT -7
Jaga,
Stil a demissionairy cabinet is governing the country and will do so until a new government is installed. So this demissionary cabinet including demissionary Prime Minister Mark Rutte and demissionary Minister of Finance Sigrid Kaag will continue as long as they are needed as caretaker cabinet. I think the fall of this cabinet and the announcement of prime minister Mark Rutte that he will leave politics after leading the country as prime minister for 13 years will be a wake up call for Democrats, Liberals, Conservatives, Christian Democrats, Social Democrats and other moderate and reasonable politicians and political leaders.
I think there should be a debate about our political system in which there are to much small fractions, political movements and political parties. In my perspective the US democracy is to limited with only 2 political parties. More healthy would be 3, 4 or 5 political parties. Like you Jaga I want to avoid a lack of stability of a formation of the right wing or nationalistic-extreme type of government like it was in Nazi Germany. But from the other side I also want to avoid another kind of extreme, and that is the direction of an extreme left/far left, leftwing Socialist, Neo-Marxists, Communist like government with extreme environmentalists, a dominant leftwing wing of the Social Democracy, our GreenLeft Party (with former Communists, Pacifist Socialist and Political Party Radicals [PPR] people in it) and the Leftwing Populist Socialist Party (with Maoist communist roots).
What I dislike is the present primitivism, rage, anger, fury, hatred, bluntness, aggression, violence and unlimited attacks, vulgarity, disrespect, threats and death threats that comes out of the gutter of the trailer trash/white trash unemployed Underclass, the skilled working class, a section of the Middle class, blunt farmer populists, and some luntatic, drop out, conspiracy theory, far right upper middle class and upper class people that deliberately in an unresponsible way spread lies, attack people and with their knowledge misinform the public with their Fake news. This weird coalition of 'strange people' is dangerous not only in the Netherlands, but also in the rest of Europe, Australia, the USA, Canada, the White part of South-Africa, and other non-Western countries. I also deeply dislike and reject the present cancel culture. I hate that cancel culture.
Ultra nationalism, Neo-Fascism, Pan Germanism, Pan Slavinsm, Turnanism, Pan Asianism, Pan Arabism, Neo Nazism, Ethno nationalism and rejection, hatred and antipathy for non-Western strangers of colour and Muslim heritage are quite open today in the Netherlands and other European nations. And with racism, discrimination, xenophobia, Islamophobia and rejection of everything which is non-European and non-Western by Native European people unfortunately always antisemitism comes around the corner. I am worried about antisemitism in various European countries, next to that I am worried about the fierce xenophobia, racism and Islamophobia that is persent around here.
Although I am critical about migration policies and want more restriction and restraint with taking in refugees, and more refugees sent to refugee camps in the regions where they come from, I don't like this blunt racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and islamophobia that already exist. What is happening in France could easily also happen in the United Kingdom, Belgium (Brussels, Antwerp, Liège [Luttig/Luik]), Sweden (Malmö, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Uppsala, Örebro, Linköping, Helsingborg, Lund, Umeå, Norrköping, Västerås, Jönköping, Östersund and many other Swedish cities and towns), Norway (Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger and Kristiansand), Finland (Helsinki, Turku, Espoo, Oulu, Tampere and Kuopio), the Netherlands (Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Almere, Groningen, Eindhoven, Arnhem, Nijmegen, Tilburg, Maastricht and etc.), Denmark (Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg, Roskilde), Austria (Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Graz, Linz, and Klagenfurt am Wörthersee), Switzerland (Zürich, Bern, Geneva, Basel, Lausanne, and Winterthur).
From the Far right side next to the old Neo-Nazi's, Neo-Fascists, Neo-Falange (supporters of Franco Spain), reactionary Ultra-Conservative absolutist Monarchists (Konfederacja Korony Polskiej, KKP), and in many other European forms), the Reichsbürger movement, the Identitarian movement (Identitarianism), you have the new xenophobic, racist, discriminatory, Far right National Rightwing Populists with no roots in Neo-Nazism, Neo-Fascism or Spanish Neo-Falangism ( Vox en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party) ). These people often split off from the large Center Right conservative liberal and Christian Democratic Parties, in which they were part of the far right wings in these parties, which still exist by the way. Geert Wilders came from the center right Conservative/conservative liberal VVD party from Mark Rutte and Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius, and many German members and politicians of the Alternative für Deutschland came from the German Christian Democratic CDU/CSU.
What is dangerous is that these National Rightwing Populists (former Christian Democrats and Classical European Liberals/Conservative liberals) brought skills, political management, grassroots movement building skills, political training skills, and long political experience with them into a new extreme right movement in which the far right wings of the Christian Democrats and rightwing liberals did merge with German Neo-Nazi's from the East-German Neo-Nazi party NPD (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands; the National Democratic Party of Germany) and these so called democratic 'National Rightwing Populist ex-CDU/CSU men and women' transformed these former Neo-Nazi's from Neo-Nazi's in modern Neo-Nazi uniforms, Nazi-Skin guys [Lonsdale T'shirts, Green Bomber Jacks, Waffen SS camouflage trausers and army boots] and Hooligans into decent looking men in suits, decent haircuts, and more moderate Rightwing Populist language and communication. The merger of these 2 groups is extremely dangerous for Germany and the surrounding countries. Geert Wilders and Thierry Baudet attract former Social Democratic voting workers from what we call 'Red working class families' (Red stands in Europe for Socialism), disappointed middle class people, angry young people, Far right Neo-Nazi's and some angry farmers that didn't vote for the Farmer Populist BBB. The Farmer Populist BBB by the way is far more moderate than Geert Wilders PVV and Thierry Baudet's Forum for Democracy. The BBB is based on the rigthwing wing of the Chrisitan Democratic CDA party, CDA people who didn't approve of the 'anti-farmer' Nitrogen policies of their CDA government party.
Logo of the former German Neo Nazi party, Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei of Michael Kühnen (1979–1989) and Friedhelm Busse (1989–1995)
The Old German Neo-Nazi's in the nineties in their Neo-Nazi uniforms that looked like original Nazi SA (Brown shirt stormtroopers) uniforms
German Neo-Nazi skinheads
German Neo-Nazi skinheads and Far right Hooligans during Anti-Islamist Riots in Germany: Hooligans Against Salafists, 8 years ago
"Michael Kühnen war mein gewählter Führer"/ Michael Kühnen was the leader I would vote for
Christian Worch
Christian Worch (born 14 March 1956) in this video is a prominent German neo-Nazi activist and chairman of the far-right political party Die Rechte. Worch collaborates with Gary Lauck's NSDAP/AO (1972), and is known as one of the main organizers of the Rudolf Hess Memorial March, which takes place once a year in Wunsiedel, Bavaria, where the remains of Rudolf Hess were formerly buried, and is one of the most important events for European neo-Nazis. Gerhard Rex Lauck (born 1953) is an American neo-Nazi activist and publisher. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, he is sometimes nicknamed the "Farm Belt Fuehrer" due to his rural origins.
Michael Kühnen (21 June, 1955 – 25 April, 1991) was a leader in the German neo-Nazi movement. He was one of the first post-World War II Germans to openly embrace Nazism and call for the formation of a Fourth Reich. He enacted a policy of setting up several differently named groups in an effort to confuse German authorities, who were attempting to shut down neo-Nazi groups. Kühnen's homosexuality was made public in 1986, and he died of HIV-related complications in 1991.
In this political ad you see how close the National Rightwing Populist and National Conservative Alternative für Deutschland is related to the far right Neo-Nazi and ultranationalist The Homeland (German: Die Heimat) party, commonly known by its official name until 2023, the National Democratic Party of Germany (German: Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD).
An ad in which if you look carefully you see the typical Aryan, Nordic, Germanic mythology of healthy blond, blue eyed children in typical German Germanic dresses
"Rich diversity?", we have it already.
"Wir werden Sie jagen", "we will hunt them down" in German, is a scary statement if you remember that the Nazi's in the period of 1933-1945 hunted down German conservative, liberal, Social Democratic, Roman Cathlic (Christian Democratic) opponents in Nazi Germany, and if you know that many of them died in Gestapo prisons and Nazi concentration camps
Andreas Kalbitz (born 17 November 1972) is a German politician and was from 2013 to 2020 member of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and since 2017 chairman of the faction of his former party in the Landtag of Brandenburg, a state parliament. Kalbitz was born 1972 in Munich and became a paratrooper in the Bundeswehr, the German federal army from 1994 until 2005. His claims that in 2008 he had studied informatics (computer science) proved false in 2017. Kalbitz was member of various extremist right-wing organisations before he entered the newly founded AfD in 2013.
Jaga, I hope that we can avoid a lack of stability and a formation of the right wing or nationalistic-extreme type of government like it was in Nazi Germany. The atmosphere in Europe, the Netherlands and the world is strange today and not good. There is a lot of rage and anger in the native European populations of the European countries, and amongst the minorities, non-Western migrants, Muslims, colored and black people. The latter feel that a lot of the rage and anger of the native white European populations is directed against them. As a counter reaction the tension, fear, anxiety, irritation, frustration, rage and anger amongst the non-Western Muslim (Middle Eastern, North African and African) migrants is growing too.
I want to make a clear statement that Ultra-nationalism, Fascism, National Rightwing Populism does not only exists amongst native Europeans, white Christians in Europe and white European secular autheists and agnostic people. You have extreme right, Great Ottoman, racist, Neo-Fascist Turks over here as well. These Turks feel superior above Kurds, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, Arabs, Berbers, Africans, Jews, White Native Europeans and other non-European peoples and call themselves 'Super Turks', in a Nazist way you could see that as 'Übermensch' (transl. "Overman"), whom is superior above the Untermensch (underman', 'sub-man', 'subhuman'). And that Untermensch is inferior to the Superturk ('Übermensch') in their Grey Wolves organisation, MHP party (Nationalist Movement Party) of Devlet Bahçeli and late Alparslan Türkeş, and Justice and Development Party (AK Party) of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Fatih Şahin. These Untermenschen are the Kurds, Arabs, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Iranians, Berbers, Black Africans, Georgians, Bulgarians, Slavs, Germanic peoples, Latin Romanesque peoples, Celtic peoples, Baltic peoples, Basque peoples these Turks look down upon, because their aim is the Great Ottoman Empire, to Unite the Turkic peoples, Turkey, the Turkish migrant populations in Western-Europe (Turkish enclases, hoods, Ghetto's and thus all Turkic peoples; the Turkish people, the Altai people, Azerbaijanis, Chuvash people, Gagauz people, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz people, Turkmens, Tuvans, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, and Yakuts.
Map of the distribution of Turkic languages across Eurasia.
The party logo of the far right and Ultra-nationalist Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) of Devlet Bahçeli
Alparslan Türkeş, the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves (Ülkü Ocakları), openly identified with pan-Turkism and sympathised with National Socialism as well as Adolf Hitler. Türkeşrepresented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum. Türkeş was a key figure in shaping Turkish nationalism and reviving Pan-Turkism from the 1940s onwards. Soon after his death in 1997, Turkish President Süleyman Demirel stated that his passing had been a "great loss to the political life of Turkey". Similarly, Turkey's first female Prime Minister Tansu Çiller described him as a "historic individual".
Alparslan Türkeş at a Turkish Nationalist really
The logo of the extreme right and Ultra nationalist, aggressive and extremely violent Grey Wolves (Turkish: Bozkurtlar) organisation. This Turkish far-right paramilitary organization and political movement is affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP)
Turkey's Grey Wolves Organization – An Arm Of President Erdoğan's Governing Coalition – Fights In Syria, Azerbaijan, Praises Chechen Terrorist Shamil Basayev, Runs Branches In U.S., Europe February 9, 2022 | By A. Smith*
www.memri.org/reports/turkeys-grey-wolves-organization-%E2%80%93-arm-president-erdo%C4%9Fans-governing-coalition-%E2%80%93-fights-syria
The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI; officially the Middle East Media and Research Institute) is a nonprofit press monitoring and analysis organization co-founded by former Israeli military intelligence officer Yigal Carmon and Israeli-American political scientist Meyrav Wurmser. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., MEMRI publishes and distributes free English-language translations of Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and Turkish media reports.
In Polish
Next to that Turkish Nationalism and 'racism' you have fierce Kurd Nationalism and the Kurd desire for Kurdistan in Europe, expressed by Turkish Kurds, Syrian Kurds, Iraqi Kurds and Iranian Kurds in Europe. Some of these Kurds are in conflict with the Turks, Turkmens, Arabs and Iranians in Turkey 🇹🇷, Syria 🇸🇾, Iraq 🇮🇶 and Iran 🇮🇷 . And in Western Europe Kurds often clash with Turks and occasionaly West-European Kurds also clashed with Moroccan and other Islamic State supporters, because the Kurds fought against Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. And You have of course Moroccan, Algerian and Tunesian nationalist and Berber activism (often anti-Arabic) in Western Europe. North Africans often live in tension with the Western-European police and their are tensions between White Native Europeans on one side and Moroccan migrants on the other side. Within the Iranian community you have various groups and Iranians are also very nationalistic people, and as proud Farsi speaking Persian Iranians many of them dislike or hate Arabs. Somalians, Sudanese, Eritreans and Ethiopians in Europe often have a clan, tribal or group identity, and they do not easily mix with other groups. Often you also have political rivalries between different ideological and pro-government and pro-opposition (rebel militia) people and etc. Polish, Lithuanian, Estonian, Romanian and Bulgarian guest workers mix in and blend in more easily, because they are white European people, often wear the same clothes as Dutch people, are christians and hard workers. A minority of them are low lifes, involved in alcoholism, drugs, street fights, car accidents due to drunk driving, deviant behavior, vandalism and an negative attitude. I don't like to see such Poles when I see them and avoid contact and keep my distance towards them if I can. I don't like them because they give good hard working Poles a bad name. Because the majority of them are hard working agricultural workers, factory workers, truck drivers, truck mechanics, employees of Dutch supermarkets, hotels and restaurants and etc. We have very few problems with Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Latvian, Hungarian, Czech, Romanian and Bulgarian people. There are some Bulgarian and Romanian criminals, but the amount of Bulgarian and Romanian criminals is nothing if you compare them to the Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish, Kurd, Albanian, Italian and other criminals over here.
The danger in Europe is the increasing Nationalist, regionalist, localist, Nativist, Jingoist, ethnonationalist, Identitarian, Isolationalist, Autarkic, xenophobe, racist, antisemitic, islamophobe, white nationalist direction many groups, movements, fractions, political parties, party wings ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Fl%C3%BCgel ) are going. And we should stop comparing to much with history, because the present day is different. But we should know history, different phases of history and certainly could learn from history, but we should look at today and analyse the present day situation. What I see a lot is syncretism, the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.
Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths. Syncretism also occurs commonly in expressions of art and culture, known as eclecticism, as well as in politics, known as syncretic politics.
If I look critically, seriously and historically and in the same time in the present day sense, I see a 'negative' form of Syncretism today, where in the past Syncretism has worked positively in theology, mythology of religion, and the Enlightenment, today in the political and social cultural sense I see a dangerous political Syncretism in which past Communist (Soviet influence, East-German Prussian state socialism and communism, the DDR state patriotism and discipline of the collectivist society), Imperialist Monarchist (The German Reichsbürger movement; monarchists who support a restoration of the German Empire or Holy Roman Empire), Social Democratic (the right wing and maybe nationalist wing of Social Democracy), Corporatist, Italian Fascist, German and Austrian Nazi, Hungarian authoritarianism (regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy whom ruled Hungary from 1 March 1920 until 15 October 1944) and Modern National Rightwing Populism merge into new forms. The different European nationalist and Rightwing Populist movements and political parties by the way have different positions on the war in Ukraine. Some are Pro-Putin/Pro-Russian and anti-American and anti-NATO/Anti-EU (European Union) and others are Pro-Ukrainian (like the Rightwing Populist Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni of the far right Fratelli d'Italia [Brothers of Italy] party).
Jaga, we agree on the fact that we want to avoid a lack of stability, and a formation of a far right or nationalistic-extreme type of government like it was in Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Falangist Francoist Spain (1936–1975) under general dictator Francisco Franco (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) or the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 under Chilean general and dictator Augusto Pinochet nor do we want a regime like regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy (from 1 March 1920 until 15 October 1944) and neither do we want the Sanacja regime in Poland (1926-1939) back under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski, Ignacy Mościcki and Edward Rydz-Śmigły.Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły on a propaganda poster, 1936Propaganda poster with dictator Józef Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) Pieter
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