New influential party in Germany of Wagenknecht

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Politics Germany

Germany: Sahra Wagenknecht launches new political party

01/08/2024 January 8, 2024

The former Left Party politician presented her team at a press conference in Berlin. It aims to defy labels with a mix of left-leaning economic, conservative migration and pro-Russian foreign policy initiatives.


Sahra Wagenknecht and her party are pitching a populist policy mix ranging from the far-left to the far-right of the political spectrum Image: JOHN MACDOUGALL/AFP/Getty Images

Sahra Wagenknecht on Monday, presented her recently announced political party to journalists in Berlin. The "Sarah Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) — Reason and Fairness," (Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit) she said, will seek to establish itself as a true people's party and enter its first EU and German state elections this year.

Wagenknecht, who maintained her seat in Germany's Bundestag parliament when she abandoned the Left Party (Die Linke) in October, said BSW would work toward overcoming the "incompetence and arrogance" of Berlin's current coalition government, claiming many voters "feel left behind."

Wagenknecht and some 40 former Left Party colleagues will make up the initial core of the party — which will change its name before the next scheduled German national elections in autumn 2025 — and work toward establishing a larger roster of party members to stand for elections across Germany in the near future.

Wagenknecht and former Left Party parliamentary leader Amira Mohamed Ali will lead the BSW and Fabio de Masi and Thomas Geisel will stand as its first candidates when they vie for election to the European Parliament on June 7.

It is unclear which EU group the party will align itself with, as leaders have emphasized that established political labels will not apply to its program.


Wagenknecht: 'Left' has become an empty label

Wagenknecht said the party would avoid calling itself "leftist" as the term has been reduced to questions of "gender and lifestyle," becoming devoid of any real meaning.

To date, BSW has only presented a rough outline of its policies and leaders promised that a vastly more detailed list of aims will be created over the coming months in coordination with citizens and experts.

Observers say BSW, which aims to "change the German party system," could cost the governing Social Democrats(SPD, the German Labour Party) and the conservative opposition Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) votes, as well as challenging the growing far-right nationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD).

The creation of BSW (Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit) also signals the end of the Left Party that Wagenknecht so prominently represented over the years.

The first test of how well BSW stacks up against AfD will come in state elections this fall in Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia — eastern German states where AfD has enjoyed very strong support.

BSW: Left, right, anti-Berlin and pro-Russian

At Monday's two-hour press conference, Wagenknecht railed against the current SPD, Green and FDP coalition, accusing leaders of dividing the nation.

She also voiced support for the aggressive farmers' protests playing out across Germany, saying, "They [the farmers] see a government that has no plan other than to take the money that has already become tighter out of their pockets."

German farmers protesting the prospect of subsidy cuts most recently made headlines by threatening Vice-Chancellor Robert Habeck as he sought to debark a ferry in northern Germany last week.

In outlining the party's policies, Wagenknecht and her colleagues said BSW will focus on establishing "social justice" by advocating left-leaning economic policies — job security, higher wages, generous benefits and a revamped tax system; combined with restrictive migration policy.

Wagenknecht said Germany's "current asylum system has failed," adding that conflicts cannot be resolved by granting asylum. Instead, BSW representatives say they believe in conflict resolution.

For that reason, the party has come out against arms sales to countries like Saudi Arabia and has vociferously objected to arming Ukraine in its defense against invading Russian forces.

Moreover, Wagenknecht and her party reject sanctions leveled against Russia over the nearly two years since it launched its war of aggression on neighboring Ukraine in February 2022.

BSW also opposes the NATO military alliance, saying it "contributes to global instability" by creating "a sense of threat" — the main argument Russian President Vladimir Putin used to justify invasions of Georgia in 2008, and Ukraine in 2014 and 2022.

Beyond those issues, BSW also opposes the current coalition's environmental policies, including the phase-out of internal combustion vehicles and the shift toward renewable energy.

The BSW's first party congress is scheduled for January 27 according to its secretary general, parliamentarian Christian Leye.



Source: js/lo (AFP, AP, dpa, Reuters)

[pieter]

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Sahra Wagenknecht



Sahra Wagenknecht (ur. jako Sarah Wagenknecht 16 lipca 1969 w Jenie) – niemiecka polityk i ekonomistka, wiceprzewodnicząca partii Die Linke (2010–2014) i przewodnicząca jej frakcji poselskiej (2015–2019), eurodeputowana VI kadencji, posłanka do Bundestagu.

Życiorys

Córka Niemki i Irańczyka; ojciec wrócił do Iranu, gdy miała trzy lata. Pisownię imienia zmieniła już w trakcie zasiadania w Bundestagu[1]. W pierwszej połowie lat 90. studiowała filozofię i literaturę niemiecką na uczelniach w Jenie, Berlinie i Groningen. W 2012 doktoryzowała się w zakresie ekonomii na Uniwersytecie Technicznym w Chemnitz na podstawie rozprawy dotyczącej decyzji oszczędnościowych i podstawowych potrzeb w krajach rozwiniętych.

W 1989 wstąpiła do Socjalistycznej Partii Jedności Niemiec. Od 1991 należała do Platformy Komunistycznej w ramach Partii Demokratycznego Socjalizmu. W latach 1991–1995 zasiadała w zarządzie krajowym PDS. W 1998 bez powodzenia kandydowała do Bundestagu (uzyskała 3,25% głosów w okręgu). Od października 2000 ponownie wchodziła do zarządu krajowego PDS. W 2010 została wiceprzewodniczącą Die Linke, pełniła tę funkcję do 2014.

W wyborach w 2004 uzyskała mandat posłanki do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Zasiadała w grupie Zjednoczonej Lewicy Europejskiej i Nordyckiej Zielonej Lewicy, pracowała w Komisji Gospodarczej i Monetarnej.

W wyborach w 2009, 2013, 2017 i 2021 była wybierana na posłankę do Bundestagu.

W 2017 obok Dietmara Bartscha była głównym kandydatem swojego ugrupowania. W latach 2015–2019 przewodniczyła frakcji poselskiej partii. W 2022 w trakcie inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę publicznie krytykowała sankcje nakładane na Rosję.

W październiku 2023 ogłosiła odejście z Die Linke i założenie ruchu politycznego pod nazwą Sojusz Sahry Wagenknecht. Zadeklarowała także zamiar założenia nowej partii mającej mieć w założeniu konserwatywne poglądy społeczne i socjalistyczne poglądy na temat gospodarki. Łącznie z nią dotychczasową frakcję opuściło 10 z 38 posłów. Nowa partia pod nazwą Sojusz Sahry Wagenknecht została powołana w styczniu 2024.

Życie prywatne

Dwukrotnie zamężna. W 2014 jej drugim mężem został współzałożyciel Die Linke Oskar Lafontaine, z którym związała się w 2011.

[pieter]

Sahra Wagenknecht



Sahra Wagenknecht (born Sarah Wagenknecht; 16 July 1969) is a German politician, economist, author, and publicist. Since 2009 she has been a member of the Bundestag, where until 2023 she represented The Left. From 2015 to 2019, she served as that party's parliamentary co-chair. With a small team of allies, she left the party on 23 October 2023 to found her own party in 2024, Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht, to contest elections onwards.

Wagenknecht became a prominent member of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) from the early 1990s. After the foundation of The Left, she became a leading member of one of the party's most left-wing factions as leader of the Communist Platform. She has been a controversial figure throughout her career due to her hardline and populist stances, statements about East Germany, immigration and refugees (which moved away from traditional antiracism), and her political movement Aufstehen. From 2020 onward Wagenknecht was less active in parliament, but often interviewed by German media. She is not a member of any parliamentary committee.

Since 2021 she has openly considered forming her own party, due to growing and enduring conflicts within the Left Party and at the end of September 2023 she formed BSW – Reason and Justice political party in 2024.

Early life

Wagenknecht was born on 16 July 1969 in the East German city of Jena. Her father is Iranian and her mother, who worked for a state-run art distributor, is German. Her father disappeared in Iran when she was a child. She was cared for primarily by her grandparents until 1976, when she and her mother moved to East Berlin. While in Berlin, she became a member of the Free German Youth (FDJ). She completed her Abitur exams in 1988 and joined the (then ruling) Socialist Unity Party (SED) in early 1989.

From 1990, Wagenknecht studied philosophy and New German Literature as an undergraduate in Jena and Berlin, completing mandatory coursework, but did not write a thesis as she "could not find support for her research aims at the East Berlin Humboldt University". She then enrolled as a philosophy student at the University of Groningen, completing her studies and earning an MA in 1996 for a thesis on the young Karl Marx's interpretation of Hegel, supervised by Hans Heinz Holz and published as a book in 1997. From 2005 until 2012 she completed a PhD dissertation at the chair of Microeconomics at TU Chemnitz, on "The Limits of Choice: Saving Decisions and Basic Needs in Developed Countries", awarded with the grade magna cum laude in the German system and subsequently published by the Campus Verlag.

Political career

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the transformation of the SED into the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), Wagenknecht was elected to the new party's National Committee in 1991. She also joined the PDS's Communist Platform, a Marxist-Leninist faction.

In the 1998 German federal election, Wagenknecht ran as the PDS candidate in a district of Dortmund, garnering 3.25% of the vote. Following the 2004 European elections, she was elected as a PDS representative to the European Parliament. Among her duties in the parliament were serving on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Delegation, as well as the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly.

Following the merger of the PDS and the WASG that formed the Left Party (Die Linke), Wagenknecht considered campaigning for the position of party vice-chair. However, party leaders such as Lothar Bisky and Gregor Gysi objected to the idea primarily because of her perceived sympathies for the former German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany). Following the controversy, she announced that she would not run for the post. Wagenknecht successfully contested a seat in the 2009 federal election in North Rhine-Westphalia. She became the Left Party's spokesperson for economic politics in the Bundestag. On 15 May 2010, she was at last elected vice president of the Left Party with 75.3% of the vote.

Early in 2012, the German press reported that Wagenknecht was one of 27 Left Party Bundestag members whose writings and speeches were being collected and analyzed by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.

She has been one of the main driving forces in the formation of Aufstehen, a left-wing political movement established in 2018, which exists outside of traditional political party structures and has been compared to the French movement La France Insoumise. In March 2019, Wagenknecht announced her withdrawal from her leadership role within Aufstehen, citing personal workload pressures and insisting that after a successful start-up phase, for which political experience was necessary, the time had come for the movement's own grass roots to assume control. She complained that the involvement of political parties at its heart had "walled in" the movement. She would nonetheless continue to make public appearances on its behalf.

Wagenknecht was elected co-leader of the Left's Bundestag group in 2015 alongside Dietmar Bartsch succeeding long-time leader Gregor Gysi. Wagenknecht won 78.4% of votes cast. As the Left was at the time the largest opposition party in the Bundestag, she became a prominent leader of the opposition for the remainder of the parliamentary term. Bartsch and Wagenknecht were the Left's lead candidates for the 2017 federal election.

In November 2019, she announced her resignation as parliamentary leader, citing burnout. Her activities from 2017 to 2019, culminating with her resignation, are covered in the 2020 documentary film Wagenknecht [de], directed by Sandra Kaudelka.

Wagenknecht was again nominated as the lead candidate on the party's North Rhine-Westphalia list in the 2021 federal election. She was re-elected, but described the results as a "bitter defeat" for her party.

Secession from The Left

Due to the growing conflicts within the Left Party, Wagenknecht has been considering forming her own party. There was speculation since 2021 that her faction and other like-minded groups within Die Linke, such as the Socialist Left or the Karl Liebknecht circles, will break off to form a separate party. Policy-wise, the new party was expected to follow a left-nationalist strategy.

At the end of September, people from Wagenknecht's circle founded the association "BSW – For Reason and Justice e. V.". According to the news magazine Der Spiegel, the abbreviation in the club's name stands for "Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht" ("Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance"). The association is intended to serve as a precursor to a future party.

In mid-October, over 50 members of the Left submitted an application for Wagenknecht's exclusion from the party. The initiators said they wanted to prevent Sahra Wagenknecht from building a new party with the resources of the Left. "This is no longer acceptable," said Sofia Leonidakis [de], leader of the Left Party in the Bremen parliament. The ongoing speculation about the founding of a new party and the resulting breakup of the left also put a strain on the election campaigns in Bavaria and Hesse. The Left Party failed to enter both state parliaments.

In January 2024, her new party was officially launched.

Political views

Economic policy

Wagenknecht has argued that the Left Party must pursue radical and anti-capitalist goals, thereby remaining distinct from the more moderate Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Green Party. She has criticized the Left Party's participation in coalition governments, especially the Berlin state government, which has made cuts to social spending and privatized some services.

On 14 February 2014, the German business and economics newspaper Handelsblatt put her on the cover of its weekend edition, wondering: "Are the Left the better at understanding economics?" (Sind die Linken die besseren Wirtschaftsversteher?) The ambiguous headline made it unclear whether the question referred to left-wingers in general or to Wagenknecht's party, The Left, in particular. The newspaper had earlier interviewed her about her ideas about liberalism and socialism.

Ahead of the launch of BSW in October 2023, Tagesschau noted that Wagenknecht's modern positions emphasise "economic reason" and place economic fundamentals before social welfare, comparing her stance to that of the conservative CDU and FDP. In an interview, she described her goals as combating inflation, encouraging small and medium enterprise and domestic technology development, and establishing stable trade with a wide range of partners. She previously rejected accusations that she sought to establish control bodies for various industries, and cited as inspiration the ideas of economist Mariana Mazzucato, who is also considered a source for economics minister Robert Habeck, whom Wagenknecht frequently criticises.

Foreign policy

In 2017, Wagenknecht called for the dissolution of NATO and for a new security agreement that links Germany and Russia. Throughout her career, Wagenknecht has argued in favor of a closer relationship with Russia. In 1992, she had published an essay praising Stalinist Russia, a view she said in 2017 she no longer espoused.

Wagenknecht has expressed strong support for the rise of left-wing leaders in Latin America, such as Hugo Chávez, and for SYRIZA's 2015 electoral victory in Greece. She serves as a spokesperson for the Venezuela Avanza solidarity network, and as an alternate on the European Parliament's delegation for relations with Mercosur.

In 2010, she refused to join a standing ovation when former Israeli Prime Minister and Nobel Laureate Shimon Peres gave a speech in the Bundestag on Holocaust Remembrance Day.

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Before Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Wagenknecht was a prominent defender of Russia and its President Vladimir Putin, arguing that while the United States were trying to "conjure up" an invasion of Ukraine, "Russia has in fact no interest in marching into Ukraine". After Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Wagenknecht said that her judgment had been wrong. Wagenknecht opposed sanctions against Russia over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and, in a speech in September 2022, accused the German government of "launching an unprecedented economic war against our most important energy supplier". Before the war, over half of Germany's gas was supplied by Russia. In May, The Left had voted in favor of economic sanctions against Russia. Her speech was applauded by The Left party leadership and by the far-right Alternative for Germany. Her speech prompted the resignation of two high-profile party members.

On February 10, 2023, Wagenknecht and Alice Schwarzer started collecting signatures for their Manifest für Frieden (lit. 'Manifesto for peace') on Change.org. It called for negotiations with Russia and a halt to arms deliveries to Ukraine. By the end of the month it had received 700,000 signatures. A rally for peace with Wagenknecht and Schwarzer on February 25 was also attended by far-right groups, and was said to have appealed to the Querfront.

Refugee policy

In response to the 2015 Cologne sexual attacks, Wagenknecht stated "Whoever abuses his right to hospitality has forfeited his right to hospitality". This statement was almost unanimously criticized in her party and parliamentary group colleagues, but did receive praise from some in the AfD.

On May 28 2016, an activist from the anti-fascist group Torten für Menschenfeinde ("Cakes for Enemies of Humanity") pushed a chocolate cake in Wagenknecht's face at a Left Party meeting in Magdeburg in response to Wagenknecht's calls for limits on the number of refugees. Wagenknecht has criticized Angela Merkel's refugee policies, arguing that her government has not provided the levels of financial and infrastructural support required to avoid increasing pressure on local authorities and the labor market, thereby exacerbating tensions in society. She has also claimed that Merkel's policies were partly to blame for the 2016 Berlin truck attack.

Partly in response to these experiences, in 2021, she published the book Die Selbstgerechten ("The Self-Righteous") in which she criticizes so-called "left-liberals" ("Linksliberale") for being neither left nor liberal but rather supporting the ruling classes, and, to some extent, their own interests. The book features, among several other topics, a discussion on immigration's alleged negative impacts on the domestic working class. It reached number one in the German non-fiction bestseller list as published by Der Spiegel.

Family policy

At the beginning of June 2015, Wagenknecht, together with 150 other celebrities from culture and politics, signed an open letter to the Chancellor calling for same-sex civil partnerships to be given equal treatment to opposite-sex marriage. In 2017, Wagenknecht advocated for legalization of same-sex marriage.

COVID-19

Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, Wagenknecht has opined that only the elderly and vulnerable groups need to be vaccinated against the disease, and agitated against the German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Wagenknecht has opposed proposals for COVID-19 vaccine mandates, arguing they should be a personal choice.

Wagenknecht's positions have been compared to those of the far-right Alternative for Germany. In November 2021, party colleagues such as Maximilian Becker, Martina Renner, and Niema Movassat suggested that Wagenknecht leave the party.

Personal life

Wagenknecht married businessman Ralph-Thomas Niemeyer in May 1997. On 12 November 2011, politician Oskar Lafontaine stated publicly that he and Wagenknecht had become "close friends". At the time, Wagenknecht and Lafontaine had already separated from their respective spouses. Wagenknecht married Lafontaine, 26 years her senior, on 22 December 2014. She is an atheist.

In 2023, the media estimated Wagenknecht's assets at three million euros. In addition to her parliamentary remuneration, Sahra Wagenknecht earned around 750,000 euros in book and speaking fees in 2023. She is one of the German politicans with highest earnings in the Bundestag and a millionaire.

[pieter]

For Karl in Danish.


Sahra Wagenknecht



Sahra Wagenknecht (født 16. juli 1969 i Jena) er en tysk politiker, og har været medlem i Forbundsdagen siden 2009 for partiet Die Linke. Hendes mor arbejdede i Berlin, DDR og lod sin datter vokse op hos bedsteforældrene i Jena, DDR. Hendes far blev udvist fra Vestberlin til Iran da hun var tre år. Hun var til 2013 medlem af næstformandskabet i partiet, men opgav det til fordel for at arbejde på fuld tid i Forbundsdagen. Hun var medlem af Europaparlamentet i perioden 2004-2009. Politiske modstandere beskriver hende som venstreekstremist, stalinist og kommunist (sidstnævnte ord er hendes eget ordvalg) og hun er blevet overvåget af efterretningstjenesten Verfassungsschutz.

Hun har blandt andre skrevet bøgerne Freiheit statt Kapitalismus: Wie wir zu mehr Arbeit, Innovation und Gerechtigkeit kommen og Freiheit statt Kapitalismus: Über vergessene Ideale, die Eurokrise und unsere Zukunft (Hovedtitel på begge bøger: Frihed i stedet for kapitalisme), bøgerne er ikke udkommet på dansk.

Hendes seneste udgivelse Die Selbstgerechten. Mein Programm für Gemeinsinn und Zusammenhalt (2021) er dog oversat til dansk under titlen De selvretfærdige Mit modsvar for fællesfølelse og sammenhold.

Bibliografi (uddrag)

Freiheit statt Kapitalismus: Wie wir zu mehr Arbeit, Innovation und Gerechtigkeit kommen. Eichborn, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-8218-6546-1.
Freiheit statt Kapitalismus: Über vergessene Ideale, die Eurokrise und unsere Zukunft. Campus Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-593-39731-3. Ungekürzte Ausgabe dtv 2013.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sahra Wagenknechts hjemmeside
Interview i Information 2012-07-09

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[karl]

Pieter

I must say, Ms. Sahra, Wagenknecht is quite a smart cookie, this for sure. Her first smart move is creating her own new political party with separation from the old. It is as if she is duplicating my own mindset for as such issues as the long-standing NATO membership which in its time was on target with our situations in international situations. But, as of the previous few years, NATO has been weaponized by several previous American presidents into a Russian hating entity competing in ideological competitions with Russian as their named enemy without regards to our past and present good trade relations with Russian industry. We do not need this type of interference...

In the matter of the forever never ending Ukrainian/Russian War, we do not need to be supplying weapons and equipment to Ukraine when they should be in the process of negotiations with the Russians for a settlement, of which they are not doing.

The list could go on and on, but least to say, Ms. Wagenknecht is on the correct pathway of correcting the past wrongs of German leadership to conducting what is correct for The German people and the whole of The German nation in as well as surrounding allies.

Karl

[pieter]

[pieter]

[pieter]

[pieter]

November 2023

In this I video I will cover a personal background on German politician Sahra Wagenknecht, and information about her new party. I will also cover a breif history of the left party (Die Linke). Lastly take a look at the polls and how this party will affect the 2024 State and European parliamentary elections.

[pieter]

13 jan 2024

(8 Jan 2024)
RESTRICTION SUMMARY:

ASSOCIATED PRESS
Berlin, Germany - 8 January 2024
1. Wide of German opposition politician Sahra Wagenknecht arriving at news conference
2. Close of Wagenknecht
3. Wide of Wagenknecht posing for photographers with fellow party founders
4. Pan party founders
5. Wide of Wagenknecht speaking
6. SOUNDBITE (German) Sahra Wagenknecht, German opposition politician:
"The European elections will be the first election in which the BSW (Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance) will compete, followed by three elections in Eastern Germany and we are confident that we will be able to compete in all three elections with competent state lists."
7. Wide of Wagenknecht speaking
8. Close of Wagenknecht speaking
9. SOUNDBITE (German) Sahra Wagenknecht, German opposition politician:
“They see a government that has no plan other than to take the money that has already become tighter out of their pockets. They see a Chancellor who seems speechless, even when he makes long speeches. And they see an opposition that, to a large extent, actually supports the government's policies. And then you are surprised at the anger, protests and rejection votes."
10. Mid of Wagenknecht speaking
11. SOUNDBITE (German) Sahra Wagenknecht, German opposition politician:
"If you define a left-wing identity in such a way that it is essential to stand up for social justice, to be a voice for those who have always been left behind in our society, who have been forgotten by politics for years, then of course we are taking up this legacy and want it explicitly."
12. Wide of Wagenknecht speaking
13. Close of Wagenknecht speaking
14. SOUNDBITE (German) Sahra Wagenknecht, German opposition politician:
"The number (of migrants arriving to Germany) must be reduced, not at the expense of those who are really being persecuted, but at the expense of those who are seeking a better life for understandable reasons. But Germany cannot guarantee that. We cannot solve the problem of global poverty through migration."
15. Mid of camera
16. Wide news conference
STORYLINE:
A high-profile German opposition politician on Monday formally founded a new party that combines left-wing economic policy with a restrictive approach to migration and other positions that some observers believe could take votes away from the far-right Alternative for Germany.

Sahra Wagenknecht said her “Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance — Reason and Fairness” will make its electoral debut in the European Parliament election in June.

She said she is confident that it also will run in three state elections in September in eastern regions where Alternative for Germany, or AfD, is very strong.

Wagenknecht broke in October with the Left Party, an opposition party in which she was long one of the leading figures, and announced her intention to launch the new venture.

She and nine followers who quit the Left Party with her kept their seats in the German parliament.

Wagenknecht took aim at center-left Chancellor Olaf Scholz's unpopular government and asserted that many in Germany feel similarly to farmers, who were protesting Monday against a government plan to reduce their fuel subsidies.

“They see a government that has no plan other than to take the money that has already become tighter out of their pockets,” she told reporters in Berlin.

She rejected left-wing and right-wing labels.

Wagenknecht offers a mixture of left-leaning economic policy, with high wages and generous benefits, and a restrictive approach to migration.

She and longtime ally Amira Mohamed Ali are its joint leaders.