304 SQUADRON POLISH AIR FORCE IN EXILE

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PIASECKI Sgt Stanislaw Jan P-781301

He was born on 16th January 1922 at Tykocin near Bialystok and joined the training school in Swiecie in 1938. Because of the outbreak of war, he could not complete his course and his entire class was evacuated from their base in Moderowka to Romania.

He arrived in France on 21st November 1939 and requested a transfer to England which he was granted and arrived here on 6th March 1940 apparently at RAF Manston in Kent. This is most unusual as the normal reception centre at that time was RAF Eastchurch (also in Kent).

His initial service consisted of duties with the anti-aircraft defence of RAF Bramcote in Warwickshire and RAF Syerston in Nottinghamshire which were both Polish stations. One source quotes 304 and 305 squadrons but this is incorrect as neither had been formed at this point in time.

He began his pilot training on 9th September 1941 and completed it on 10th July 1943. In order to gain flying experience he was posted to 3 Air Gunnery School at RAF Castle Kennedy near Stranraer in Scotland but two weeks later he was sent to RAF Squires Gate (Blackpool) for a short navigation course. On 30th November 1943 he was posted to 3OTU at Haverfordwest in Wales for his operational training.

On 7th April 1944 he was posted to 304 Squadron at RAF Chivenor in Devon. He completed a tour of duty with them and was sent back to the Polish Depot at Blackpool for a rest from operational flying in April 1945. He served for a while as a staff pilot until his posting to RAF Dunholme Lodge on a date that has been suggested as 1948 but this is unlikely as it closed at the end of the war.

During his service he was awarded the Cross of Valour three times and the Air Medal. He was demobilised on 12th November 1948 and went to work in the coal mines. From 1953 he worked as a skilled toolmaker. He retired early at the beginning of 1985 due to ill health. His civilian work would probably have been in Staffordshire as he was last heard of in Walsall in 1999.

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MASLON W/O Stanislaw P-782093

He was born on 17th September 1917 at Choron near Czestochowa and joined the training school in Bydgoszcz in 1934; he qualified as an aircraft mechanic in 1937. His initial posting was to the 2nd Air Regiment in Krakow attached to 121 Fighter Squadron. His unit was involved in the September Campaign until they were evacuated to Romania, crossing the border on 17th September 1939.

His escape route is unclear but he travelled to Beirut and probably took ship from there until he reached France. He was sent to the Armee de l’Air base at Lyon-Bron and was utilised as a mechanic with the fighter group. On the capitulation of France he made his way to England, possibly via St Jean de Luz on the Basque coast, just north of the Spanish border. He arrived in England in early July 1940.

He was posted to 304 Squadron, where he trained as a fitter, and stayed with them until January 1943 when he began training as a flight engineer. On completion of this course, six months later, he was posted to 138 (Special Duties) Squadron based at RAF Tempsford in Bedfordshire. This was very hazardous duty but he completed a tour of duty with them in June 1944.

After only one week of rest he was posted to 1586 Flight of 301 Squadron (also Special Duties) until 14th March 1945 when he was posted to 4 School of Technical Training at RAF St Athan near Cardiff, Wales as an instructor.

On 3rd January 1946 he returned to 304 Squadron as a pilot. By this time they were part of Transport Command and based at RAF Chedburgh in Suffolk where their duties involved flying supplies to Italy and Greece and bringing back released prisoners of war. One source suggests that on 30th November 1946 he was transferred to 301 Transport Squadron. If true it seems pointless as both squadrons were disbanded in December 1946. It seems more likely that he was transferred to the Polish Resettlement Corps as he was not demobilised until 1948.

He was awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, the Cross of Valour, the Partisan Cross and the Air Medal. After his discharge he was awarded the civilian version of the Silver Cross of Merit for his welfare work in the Polish community.

As a civilian, he emigrated to Canada and went to work for Air Canada.

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PIECZYNSKI F/Sgt Zdzislaw Stanislaw P780342

He was born on 28th April 1916 in Sulejewo near Poznan and in 1934 he joined the training school in Bydgoszcz in 1934 and qualified as a wireless operator in 1937. His first posting was to the 1st Air Regiment in Warsaw where he was attached to 214 Bomber Squadron and later to 211 Bomber Squadron. He took part in the September Campaign but on the night of 18/19th September 1939 he was evacuated to Romania. There is no information on his escape route but he made his way to France and immediately applied for transfer to England.

He was accepted and after further operational training he was posted from 18OTU at RAF Bramcote near Nuneaton in Warwickshire on 12th April 1942 (possibly 1941 to RAF Syerston in Nottinghamshire – which seems more likely as he could not possibly have been so highly decorated in just 16 days) to 304 Squadron at RAF Lindholme in Yorkshire.

He was on board Wellington bomber Z1088 which disappeared on a mission to Cologne on 28th April 1942. His aircraft is believed to have been shot down near Villers la Ville in Belgium and he is buried in the Charleroi Communal Cemetery there.

He was awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, the Cross of Valour four times and the Air Medal.

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PIETRASIEWICZ W/O Zygmunt P-780910

He was born on 23rd March 1919 in Bobrus near Wilno (now Vilnius) and in 1938 he joined the training school in Swiecie. But because of the outbreak of war, he was unable to complete the course and was evacuated from his base in Moderowka to Romania. His escape route is uncertain but he arrived in France on 30th November 1939 and sought a transfer to England. This was granted and he arrived in England on 27th February 1940 and, after completing his basic training, began his aircrew training on 13th July 1941 and his pilot training two months later on 12th September 1941.

He finished the training at 34 Service Flying Training School at Medicine Hat in Alberta, Canada on 3rd July 1942. He was then returned to the Blackpool Depot and was sent to 16 SFTS at RAF Newton, Nottinghamshire on 20th October 1942 and, to gain flying experience, he was sent to 5 Air Observer School at RAF Jurby on the Isle of Man.

On 15th May 1944 he was posted to 304 Squadron at RAF Chivenor in Devon and served with them until 21st November 1945 when he enlisted in the Polish Resettlement Corps at RAF Hucknall in Nottinghamshire. He was awarded the Cross of Valour twice and the Air Medal.

After his demobilisation he settled in the Nottingham area, changed his name to Hope and worked in the textile industry.

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This is the story of Kazimierz Pakula's escape to Britain 1939/40 and is based on his own recollections passed on to me by his son. Kazimierz is still alive and well at the age of 90. His full story will appear here at a later date.

He was born in February 1920 in Kamionna, near Miedzychod, Poland, just 5 miles from the German border. At age 8 he saw his first aeroplane and set his course to be a pilot. He graduated from high school in May 1939 and was passed as medically fit for the Air Force.

In the July and August 1938, he attended a Gliding School in East Poland and qualified as a glider pilot which meant he was accepted into the Officer Cadet School at Deblin on the course starting in October 1939. Amazingly, his father had to sign to say that he would pay for any damage caused if he crashed an aeroplane!

He spent the summer at an Air Force base near Lodz where his course was accelerated due to the imminence of war and he qualified as a pilot on the RWD8 trainer. He then went home on two weeks leave but on 28th August 1939 he received a telegram recalling him to the Polish Air Force base at Lawice near Poznan to join the 3rd Air Regiment.

On 1st September 1939 he was sitting outside when six aircraft appeared and started to bomb the barracks and returned later to bomb it again. With a few others, he raided the cookhouse for cold snacks which he survived on for the next few days whilst he travelled to Central Poland.

On 7th September 1939 he was near Warsaw and heading towards Deblin but was diverted as it had also been bombed. For a while he was accommodated at the deserted married quarters and there he had a narrow escape when a bomb fell nearby but failed to explode. Others were injured in the raid but there were no emergency services to help them. After this he was put on a train heading towards the Carpathian Mountains then on towards Romania. On 17th September he slept in a barn in a village near Horodenka and it was here that he was captured by Russian tanks and infantry. They were marched at bayonet point to a school where they were locked in, without food, for four or five days.

They were then piled into cattle trucks and driven east to a huge old cowshed which was in use as a holding camp and was across the Russian border. After a couple of days they were given bread and thin barley soup from a field kitchen. When they were taken to the train to be moved, he worked his way to the back of the column and escaped by jumping into a ditch with a few others. They made their way to the nearest town where they bought food and, cheekily, thumbed a lift from the last lorry in a Russian convoy; this was a good move as it was heading west towards Lwow in Poland. They were dropped off a few miles short of the city and walked the rest of the way.

The Citizens Committee fed them bread and cabbage soup and accommodated them in a dance hall. He enrolled at the University and enrolled where he was given a student’s identity papers. He tried unsuccessfully to get a grant to live on but a Polish secretary told him she could put him in touch with the Underground and arranged for him to be fed three times a week at the hospital kitchen.

In October he was contacted by the Underground and given new winter clothes. Eventually he was given money and told to go to the south and to take a train alone to Drohobbycz and to talk to nobody. On arrival he was to turn left out of the station; he was picked up and moved house to house, sleeping by day and moving by night until he crossed into Hungary on the night of 5/6 January 1940.

He was arrested and taken by sledge to a Polish refugee camp near Lake Balaton and was then placed with a farmer in Szabedhidweg. He decided to make his way to France and was stopped by an unfriendly ticket inspector but then helped by the stationmaster to get a train to Budapest. There he went to the Polish Consul where he arranged a passport and a ticket to travel to France as a student. He went via Zagreb (Jugoslavia), Milan and Modena (Italy) and into France at Sept-Fonds, near Marseilles, arriving on 22nd February 1940.

He was taken to the Polish Air Force camp at Lyons Foire where he was told he would train as an army despatch rider not a pilot. By June he had no idea of what was happening at Dunkirk but was sent to Granville in Normandy to report to the Infantry. When they found out about the fall of France his party asked the local Mayor to supply them with buses to take them to La Rochelle. They travelled via Orleans where the locals were celebrating the end of the war; they arrived at La Rochelle to find that their ship had been sunk. However, they got on board the SS Adverpool, a Scottish Collier, and sailed on 19th June, arriving in Plymouth on 22nd June 1940.

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ADAMIK Sgt Wilhelm P-782122

He was born on 19th April 1916 at Cieszyn and was a corporal air gunner in the 65th Bomb Squadron in Poland, before the war. On 2nd September 1939 his P23B Karas aircraft engaged a German armoured column and was badly shot up; the navigator was killed but Adamik was unhurt.

He was posted in to 304 Squadron from RAF Bramcote on 20th June 1941. He was killed on 20th October 1941 when Wellington N2852 was hit by flak during a raid on Emden and crashed in the sea near Heligoland. A distress signal was sent and another aircraft saw a flare but the crew could not be rescued. He formerly served with 301 squadron. He was awarded the Cross of Valour.

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SZKUTA F/Lt Alojzy P-76625

He was a navigator, born on 29th January 1910 at Toszonowicach. He graduated from the Aviation Cadet School in Deblin in 1931. During the September Campaign he was a Lieutenant in 217 Bomber Squadron serving as a tactical officer.

In England he was posted to 301 Squadron, he was shot down over Germany, on 5th May 1942, on a mission to Stuttgart and escaped to fly again. The aircraft was within 20 miles of its target when it was hit by flak and forced to turn back. The crew baled out and the aircraft crashed in Belgium. He landed near Namur and was eventually assisted to travel through France, Spain and Gibraltar from where he got back to England.

He was killed on Wellington R1716 which was lost on patrol over the Bay of Biscay on 1st November 1942, shot down by an enemy fighter. German records show that it was shot down by Hauptman Hein-Horst Hissbach of 15/KG40 west south west of Brest, France at 16.56hrs.

He was awarded the Order of Virtuti Militari for bravery in combat in Poland and subsequently the Cross of Valour twice.

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NATKANSKI Sgt Zygmunt P-76775

He was a navigator, born on 4th September 1907 at Skierniewice. On 1st September 1927, he joined the Infantry Officers School in Ostrow Mazowiecka. After a three years he qualified and was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant on 15th August 1930. He was posted to 28 Infantry Regiment in Lodz. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 1st September 1933. Immediately prior to the war (November 1937 until August 1939 he was commander of II platoon, 59 Squadron. On 3rd November 1933 he began Officer Training at the Deblin Aviation School Application taking a 9 month observer (navigator) course. He qualified in August 1934 and was posted to 55 Squadron within the 5th Air Regiment in Lida flying on the Potez XXV, a French built single engined two seat bi-plane. He soon moved to 56 Squadron where he was flying on the Lublin XIIIC army co-operation plane.

Between September and November 1936 he worked in the personnel section of the 5th Air Regiment, later returning to 55 Squadron as a tactical officer. In August 1937, he was transferred to 59 squadron at Lida, where he commanded II platoon. He was promoted to Captain on 26th April 1939 and given the post of Commander of the NCO School at Lida. On 24th August 1939 he was given command of the squadron’s base school.

After the outbreak of the war he remained at Lida throughout the heavy bombing of that aerodrome; he was ordered to evacuate to Romania on 17th September 1939 but because of the great distance and the entry of Russia into the war, he chose to escape to Latvia. On the following day they crossed the border at Turmonty and were interned at Daugavpils and, from 21st September 1939, at Liepaja. On 17th November he was transferred to a camp at Ulbroka near Riga. He escaped from the camp and got to Riga and the Polish section of the British embassy where he obtained travel papers for himself and his family.

As a result, he was able to leave Latvia and head for Sweden; from there he flew from Stockholm to Norway and on 30th December 1939, he made it to England. On 13th February 1940 he joined the Polish Air Force at RAF Eastchurch on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. His first task was to learn English and then, in the early summer of 1940, he was moved to the Polish Depot in Blackpool to be out of reach (or at the maximum range) of German bombers.

On 5th August 1940 he was sent to 1 Air Observer Navigation School at RAF Prestwick in Ayrshire, Scotland and after successfully completing the course, he went to 18OTU at RAF Bramcote near Nuneaton in Warwickshire for his operational training. He actually completed this training with 12OTU at RAF Benson in Oxfordshire. He was then posted to 304 Squadron, reporting for duty on 24th July 1941.

He spent months bombing targets in France, Belgium and Germany and on the night of 9/10 March 1942 he was bombing the Krupps armament factory in Essen. The mission was successful but bad weather meant they were unable to locate their home base and landed at RAF Oakington in Cambridgeshire. Whilst parked, their aircraft (Wellington R1602) was struck by another aircraft and was totally burnt out.

He was killed when X9764 was shot down by a night fighter near Geetbetz, Belgium on 6th April 1942. Luftwaffe records show that they were detected by radar and pusued by a Messerschmidt Bf110; they were shot down by Oberleutnant Heinrich Petersen and Feldwebel Leidenbach of 6/NJG1 Geerbetz 10 KM North West of Sint Trond at 02.28hrs. Their port engine was hit by a burst of close range gunfire and immediately burst into flames and they crashed within a few minutes. He received head wounds and died in the arms of Belgian citizens at the scene of the crash.

He was buried Sint Trond but later exhumed and reburied at Heverlee War Cemetery, Leuven, Belgium. He was awarded the Krzyz Walechznych (Cross of Valour) by Air Vice Marshal Ujejski on 21st November 1941; he also won this decoration on another occasion. He was a married man (having married Elizabeth Michalowska on 15th June 1937) with one son, Thomas.

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BAKANACZ Sgt Jan P-780152

He was a pilot, born in Swisloczy in the province of Podlaskie in north eastern Poland; his flying career started on gliders in 1936. Immediately prior to the outbreak of the war he was a corporal pilot in the 24th Reconnaissance Squadron flying PZL23 Karas. He was evacuated to Romania and made his way to France where he served at Marseilles before moving on to Great Britain. He eventually joined 304 Squadron.

He had the good luck to survive two uneven skirmishes with German fighters. On 5th September 1942, he was involved in a fight with two Junkers Ju88s; this battle was fought virtually at sea level and required tremendous skill bearing in mind the size, slow speed and poor manoeuverability of a Wellington Bomber. About two weeks later, the aircraft did battle with a Focke Wulf 200 of the long range, elite Condor unit off the Spanish coast in the Bay of Biscay. On both occasions he escaped unscathed.

On 13th December 1942 he attacked a 3,000 ton enemy cargo ship but his stick of bombs missed by only 50 yards. He also served in 301 Squadron and 138 Special Duties Squadron.

On 3rd July 1945 he was awarded the British Distinguished Flying Cross with a citation stating that he had displayed a high degree of courage and decisiveness and had performed his tasks with great skill and efficiency. He was also awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari and the Cross of Valour four times.

He is believed to have returned to Poland after the war and one source states that he was still flying Ilyushins in the Polish Air Force in 1968 making him probably the oldest pilot there.

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BLASZCZYK Sgt Tadeusz P-706580

He was a pilot born on 18th February 1925 at Dobromil. At the age of 15 he escaped across the border into Hungary where he was held in the civilian internment camp at Kadarkut. This was a refugee camp administered jointly by the Poles and Hungarians. He completed his schooling on 17th May 1940 and then escaped from the camp. He travelled through Jugoslavia, Greece and Turkey and then crossed the Mediterranean on the vessel SS New York and finally arrived at Camp T2, a staging post for Poles in Beirut, Lebanon. On 6th January 1941 he lied about his age and joined the Carpathian Riflew who were forming up on Syria; he was one of the youngest soldiers in the brigade and fought at Tobruk and El Ghazal.

On 23rd January 1943 he joined the Polish forces at Khanaquinie in Iraq and was sent to England three months later. He was taken to the Polish Depot at Blackpool and completed his pilot training at RAF Hucknall and RAF Newton both in Nottinghamshire.

After the war, he passed his final exams in England and graduated with honours from the University of London with a degree in engineering. He died in London of a heart attack on 28th May 1979 while playing tennis. He was buried at Sutton and Merton Cemetery, Grand Drive, Morden, Surrey.

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THE LONGEST BOMBER BATTLE

This is the story of the longest single battle ever fought by an Allied bomber against enemy fighters. The crew were; Edmund Ladro (pilot), Jan Bialy (co-pilot), Stanislaw Plachcinski (navigator), Kazimierz Chlopicki (wireless operator), Wladyslaw Piskorski and Antoni Ulicki (air gunners).

On 9th February 1943, whilst patrolling the Bay of Biscay, about four hours into the flight, they saw four Junkers Ju88s and immediately jettisoned their depth charges and dived to near wave top level; this was a tactic to prevent the fighters from attacking the undefended underbelly of the Wellington. The rear gunner poured accurate fire into one of the Junkers, knocking it out of the sky. The remaining three persisted with the attack until they ran out of ammunition and then tried to force the Wellington into the sea by dangerous manoeuvres. During the 57 minute battle the co-pilot and rear gunner received serious bullet wounds; the aircraft itself was riddled with bullet holes and had a two yard square hole torn in its right wing through cannon fire. This was the longest single battle fought by an Allied bomber during the whole of the war and, between attacks, the pilot steered with his knees to rest his arms. Unable to make it back to RAF Dale, they landed safely at RAF Predannack in Cornwall.

Eventually a squadron of Bristol Beaufighters arrived, in response to the Mayday calls, and shot down all three of the Ju88s.

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CONTINUATION OF KAZIMIERZ PAKULA (FROM OCTOBER 7TH)

His welcome to England was a gift of ten shillings (50 pence) from King George VI which he spent on an English dictionary, a day at the Pleasure Beach (a 1940’s fore runner of a theme park) and he saved a little. To put this in perspective, that amount today would buy you two cigarettes and wouldn’t even get you a can of Coke.

He was accommodated in a boarding house in this resort city and immediately set about learning English before his training began in earnest; he was helped by the officer in charge of the RAF reading room. He did so well that this officer recommended him as an interpreter and, after only nine months, he was offered this job withthe rank of acting Sergeant with 306 Squadron at RAF Turnhill in Cheshire. However, they had been transferred to RAF Northolt in Middlesex and he was eventually posted (spring 1941) to RAF Padgate at Warrington, Cheshire. This was a receiving camp where airmen were assessed for future training. He was there as an interpreter for six months before being posted to RAF Leuchars near St Andrews, Fife, Scotland for ground crew training with the rank of AC2.

A year later, in spring 1942 he was sent to RAF Hucknall in Nottinghamshire where he had to qualify on Tiger Moths with only 12 hours flying time. However, operational needs changed and although he had qualified as a pilot, he had to retrain as a navigator, which he did at the Navigator School in Eastbourne, Sussex, finishing off at RAF Jurby on the Isle of Man in the autumn of 1942 before being posted to Coastal Command and further operational training with 1OTU at RAF Silloth, Cumberland (now Cumbria). Finally, he became part of an aircrew and in the summer of 1943 they were posted to 304 Squadron at RAF Davidstow Moor in Cornwall. During his service, he was awarded the Cross of Valour on four occasions. He was part of the regular crew of Wing Commander Jozef Werakso and, on the night of 3/4 March 1944, they attacked a surfacing U-boat which immediately dived. The British Admiralty claimed the boat was sunk but no confirmation was found in records after the war. A week later they sighted another U-boat but did not attack it.

He completed 50 operational missions before being selected for the Officer Training School at North Berwick in East Lothian, Scotland where he received his commission in December 1944.

After the war he attended the London School of Economics and then rejoined the RAF, serving in Africa, Aden (now Yemen) and Borneo. He left the RAF in 1965 and became a lecturer in Law and Economics until his retirement, although he continued part time until he was 70. In his retirement he became a keen and successful gardener, winning many prizes.

At the time of writing (October 2010) he is a sprightly 90 year old and lives with his family in Hampshire. He has visited Poland on many occasions since leaving the RAF.

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FRANCZAK F/Lt Henryk P-1550

He was a pilot, born on 31st March 1918 at Zagorzycach near Krakow.
In 1936 he qualified as a glider pilot at Ustianowa and in 1939 he was assigned to the Air Reserve Officers School at Sadkow near Radom and later the Air Observers School in Deblin After the outbreak he was captured by the Russians but he escaped and travelled via Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia), Stockholm (Sweden) and Oslo (Norway) to France where he joined L’Armee de l’Air at Lyon-Bron.

After the fall of France he escaped to England and joined the Polish forces at the Blackpool Depot, where he trained as a radio operator. On 20th August 1941 he was promoted to Flying Officer and posted to 304 Squadron. On 24th April 1942 he made his first combat mission to bomb the docks at Rostock. He flew 47 missions over Germany and Occupied Europe and was promoted to Flight Lieutenant.

In the summer of 1943 he finally achieved his ambition and was sent for pilot training; he qualified in October 1944. During his war service he was awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari as well as the Cross of Valour three times and the British DFC.
After the war he settled in Britain and remained with the RAF as an instructor until December 1948 when he was recruited, on a three year contract, into the Pakistan Air Force. During 1948/49 he fought in the first Kashmir War. He was in a transport squadron based at Peshawar, flying Douglas Dakotas. After his contract expired he worked as a pilot for Orient Airways (now known as Pakistan International Airlines).

In 1952 he married an American woman and, the following year, he moved to America where he worked as a salesman for Encyclopaedia Britannica, an insurance salesman and a bus driver.
On 28th November 1992 celebrations were held, by the Polish Embassy in San Francisco, for the bicentenery of the inception of the Order of Virtuti Militari. He was one of four Cavaliers of the Order to be awarded honorary citizenship of the Sate of California.
He had three brothers; one was killed whilst on Special Duties flights in support of the Warsaw Uprising, another was killed fighting with the Armia Krajowa at Wilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania) and the third survived the war whilst fighting with the RAF.

Footnote
According to the list of Tadeusz Krzystek, he was on board R1072 when it crashed on 11th July 1942 but he is not listed as being on that aircraft in other sources and is not mentioned on the Squadron ORB. This is a bit of a mystery, but there were unofficial passengers on board and, as he was unhurt, he may not have reported his presence, possibly to avoid disciplinary action.

He died in North Scituate, Providence, Rhode Island, USA on 1st July 2006 and, in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were buried in the Military Cemetery at Warsaw on 12th September 2006. He was accorded full military honours.

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The forum works!

I have recently received a contact from Dubai from a man who read my posting here. He was the son of the man concerned and gave me information which both corrected a couple of my mistakes and expanded the story.

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F/Lt Ludwik Zdzislaw Maslanka

He was born on 9th July 1911 and joined the Cadet School in Lwow on 1st September 1926, graduating in 1931 after which he enlisted in the Infantry Officers School in Komorow.

In August 1933 he was promoted to Second Lieutenant and the following month he took a glider course at Ustianowa in Southern Poland. He gained his glider pilot’s licence and immediately enrolled in the Aviation School at Deblin. In May 1934 he became embroiled in a dispute with a senior officer and was posted to an infantry regiment in Rzeszow. He languished there for over two years and was not permitted to return to Deblin until October 1936.

He was put on a navigator course and quickly re-established himself; he was promoted to Lieutenant on 19th March 1937. The following August he was posted to the 2nd Air Regiment in Krakow. On 16th June 1939 he was attached to 216 Bomber Squadron at Warsaw. He spent the rest of the summer training on the PZL37 Moose. The day before the war started his squadron was moved to the aerodrome at Podlodowie but he did not see action until 4th September 1939. His first task was to bomb German armoured units near Radom.

Three days later he was flying a reconnaissance mission when his aircraft was shot down by a Messerschmidt Bf109. He baled out and suffered second degree burns and leg injuries. He was taken, and almost lynched, by peasant farmers; he was only released when members of 41 Squadron appeared on the scene.

Regardless of his injuries, he returned to his squadron and was back in the air on 15th September bombing the Germans in the Brest area. Three days after that he flew into Chernivtsi airport in Romania (now Ukraine) and went via Ploiesti to Bucharest. He then travelled by train through Jugoslavia to Greece.

The next move was on 15th October 1939 when he boarded the SS Pulaski, an elderly vessel then owned by the British War Ministry, and sailed from Athens to Marseilles, France. He was based at Lyon-Bron from December 1939 where he began training but France collapsed before his squadron was battle ready and he was evacuated on 18th June 1940.

He made his way to Port Vendres on the Mediterranean coast and sailed on 20th June 1940 for Oran in Algeria and then overland to Casablanca in Morocco. On 6th July 1940 he boarded the SS Viceroy of India and sailed for Plymouth in Devon. This was a 19,700 ton passenger liner, requisitioned as a troopship and later sunk by U407.

Once in England he was sent to the Polish Depot at Blackpool and, on 14th September 1940 he was posted to RAF Bramcote in Warwickshire to familiarise him with British aircraft. From January to April 1941 he was at RAF Prestwick in Scotland on a navigation course and then on to 18OTU for operational training. On 7th July 1941 he was posted to 304 Squadron at RAF Syerston in Nottinghamshire just a few weeks after the squadron became operational.

His first operational flight was on 14th August 1941 to Boulogne, France. He then settled in to bombing Germany and occupied Europe until May 1942 when the squadron transferred to Coastal Command based at RAF Tiree in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Their new function was anti-submarine warfare, protection of allied shipping and harassment of Axis shipping.

He was killed on the way to an anti-submarine sweep when HX384 was struck by ferocious cross winds on 12th August 1942. It was blown over the cliffs by the runway at RAF Dale in Wales; the depth charges exploded and the whole crew died. He is buried at Newark upon Trent Cemetery. He was awarded the Krzyz Walechznych (Cross of Valour) by Air Vice Marshal Ujejski on 21st November 1941; he won this medal four times and was also awarded the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari. He is buried in the Polish Military section of the cemetery at Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire.