Israel–Turkey relationsTurkey-Israel relations were formalized in March 1949 when
Turkey became the first Muslim majority country (before Iran in 1950[2]) to recognize the State of Israel. Since then, Israel has been a major supplier of arms to
Turkey. Military, strategic, and diplomatic cooperation between
Turkey and
Israel were accorded high priority by the governments of both countries, which share concerns with respect to the regional instabilities in the Middle East. Nevertheless, diplomatic dialogue between the two nations has recently become strained, particularly following
the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza Conflict.
HistoryA key moment in Judeo-Turkic relations occurred in 1492, when more than 150,000 Spanish Jews fled the Spanish
Inquisition, many to the
Ottoman Empire. At that point in time, Constantinople's population was a mere 70,000 due to the various sieges of the city during the Crusades and the so-called Black Death of the 14th century, so this historical event was also significant for repopulation of the city. These Sephardic Jews settled in
Constantinople as well as
Salonika, which came to be known as "
Mother Of Israel" due to its overwhelming Jewish majority.
Turkey also served as a transit for European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution during the 1930s and 1940s, although it was implicated in the
Struma disaster.
Strategic cooperationKhaled Mashal (born 1956) has been the main leader of Hamas—a Palestinian political, social, and paramilitary organization—since the assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in 2004. In addition, Mashal heads the Syrian branch of the political bureau of Hamas.Despite cool relations since the accession of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey, the Israeli Foreign Ministry characterized its relations with
Turkey as "
perfect" in the beginning of 2006. After
Khaled Meshal paid an official visit to
Turkey, Turkish-Israeli relations entered a "
cooling down" process. Some have suggested that this was only a public relations stunt to show the Islamic world that
Turkey was on their side because
Turkey had been silent in major issues important to Arabs and the Islamic community like the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and
the Lebanon crisis.
Ofeq 9 satellite
Talks regarding the sale of Israeli
Ofeq satellites and
Arrow missile air-defence systems to
Turkey have taken place, pending
United States approval. The systems would be a generational leap for the Turkish military and intelligence capabilities.
Turkish F-4 Phantom fighter yet
Israel has been a major supplier of arms to
Turkey, and Israeli firms have been responsible for modernizing the F-4 Phantom fleet of the Turkish air force. Their agreements include cooperation in the "
domains of air, sea, land, intelligence; and the manufacturing of aircraft, armaments and missiles," and "
prepares the way for mutual military visits, training and exercises, dispatch of observers to oversee military exercises, staff exchanges and military know-how."
Diplomatic relationsArkadas Association in IsraelIsrael maintains two diplomatic missions in
Turkey: Its embassy is located in the Turkish capital,
Ankara, and its Consulate General is located in Turkey's biggest city,
Istanbul. The Israeli ambassador to
Turkey is
Gabby Levy, and the Israeli consul-general is
Moshe Kamhi. These missions are responsible for Israeli consular affairs for the Marmara, Aegean, Eastern Thrace and western part of the Black Sea regions of
Turkey.
Israeli President Shimon Peres and Turkish President Abdullah GülOn a three-day visit to Ankara in November 2007, Israeli President
Shimon Peres met with Turkish President
Abdullah Gül, and addressed
the Grand National Assembly of
Turkey, the first time an Israeli President has addressed a Muslim country's parliament.
Peres and
Gul differed on what action was to be taken regarding Iran's nuclear program, Peres publicly saying that he didn't believe energy-rich
Iran was interested in nuclear power. Gul said that he would work to free the abducted Israeli soldiers
Gilad Shalit,
Ehud Goldwasser, and
Eldad Regev.
Gilad ShalitEhud GoldwasserEldad RegevEconomic relationsIn 2000,
Israel and
Turkey signed a free-trade agreement.
Israel exports an annual $1.5 billion in goods and services to
Turkey, and imports more than $1 billion. There is a plan to build a massive pipeline from
Turkey to supply water, electricity, gas and oil to
Israel. On January 1, 2000,
Turkey and
Israel signed the "T
urkish Israeli free trade agreement" making it the first Muslim country to sign such as an agreement with the Jewish state.
Turkey and
Israel also signed an agreement to construct a pipeline to bring oil, natural gas, water, and electricity to
Israel from
Turkey.
The strong relationship between
Turkey and
Israel has angered
the Arabs.
Turkey has attempted to maintain an image of neutrality on the topic of various Arab issues such as
the Palestianian-Israeli conflict and
Lebanon. The Israeli
Mossad also played a role in arresting the PKK leader,
Abdullah Ocalan.
Military collaboration* Modernization of Turkey's F-4 Phantoms and F-5 aircraft at a cost of $900 million.
* Upgrading 170 of Turkey's M60A1 tanks for $500 million.
* Popeye-I and Popeye-II missiles.
* 400 km (250 miles) range Delilah cruise missiles.
* Popeye-II surface-to-air missiles for $150 million.
* Arrow anti-ballistic-missiles. (Agreed by Israel. Approval of the United States is awaited.)
* 400 km (250 miles) range Delilah cruise missiles. (Negotiation)
* The agreement provides exchange of pilots eight times a year; allows Israeli pilots to practice "long range flying over mountainous land" in Turkey's Konya firing range; and permits Turkish pilots to train at Israel's computerized firing range at the Nevatim airfield.(Nechmani, 1998: 24; Pipes, 1997 34)
* The two navies conducted maneuvers during Operation Reliant Mermaid (the U.S. also participated) in January 1998.
Arab Israeli conflictA joint Israeli-Palestinian industrial park is being developed under Turkish aegis. Israeli President
Shimon Peres and Palestinian Authority President
Mahmoud Abbas addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey a day apart to discuss resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and greater Arab-Israeli conflict weeks before the 2007 Mideast peace conference at
Annapolis,
Maryland.
Peres said that "
Turkey is an important player in the Middle East in relation to the United States, Syria and the Palestinians, as well as us." According to the Jerusalem Post, a spokeswoman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry indicated to a Kuwaiti newspaper that "
Turkey is used as a channel of communication" between
Syria and
Israel.
In October 2009, in connection to the crisis following the Turkish denial of Israel's participation in the Anatolian Eagle military exercise in
Turkey, Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu objected to
Turkey as a mediator, and claimed "
Turkey can't be honest broker," between
Syria and
Israel.
Criticism of Israeli policyFormer Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed YassinAfter the 1967 war,
Turkey joined Arab nations in condemning Israeli actions. While it called for Israel to withdraw, it did not refer to
Israel as an "
aggressor state". In December 1987, after the commencement of the Palestinian intifada,
Turkey denounced "
Israeli oppression", and supported the Palestinians’ right to self-determination. In 2004, Turkey denounced Israeli assassination of
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, as a "
terrorist act". It also described the Israeli policy in the Gaza Strip as "state-sponsored terrorism." The Turkish government's condemnation of Israel's military campaign in
Gaza in 2009 strained relations between the two countries. Turkish Prime Minister
Recep Tayyip Erdogan called on Israel to halt its military operations in Gaza and described Israel's actions as a "
crime against humanity." There were also widespread demonstrations across
Turkey against Israelis actions in Gaza. At the
2009 World Economic Forum in
Davos, the Turkish prime minister stormed off the stage after a heated exchange with Israeli president
Shimon Peres.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan clashed with
Shimon Peres, whose voice had risen as he made an impassioned defence of Israel's actions, jabbing his finger. Mr Erdogan said Mr Peres had spoken so loudly to conceal his "
guilt". He accused the moderator of not allowing him to speak and said he did not think he would return to
Davos. In the debate,
Mr Erdogan was cut off as he attempted to reply to
Mr Peres. Weeks after the ceasefire, relations between the nations further deteriorated. Earlier the Turkish Prime Minister had made an address himself, describing
Gaza as an "
open-air prison". When the audience applauded
Mr Peres, he said: "
I find it very sad that people applaud what you said. You killed people. And I think that it is very wrong." The moderator, Washington Post columnist
David Ignatius, had given him a minute to reply, then asked him to finish, saying that people needed to go to dinner. In response, Major-General
Avi Mizrahi advised the Turkish Prime Minister to "
look in the mirror." He stated that since Turkey still occupied
Northern Cyprus, it had no right to criticize
Israel. He went on to raise the Turkish Republic's oppression of its Kurdish minority and brought up
the Armenian Genocide. Soner Cagaptay of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy noted that shortly after the Davos incident, Erdogan hosted the Vice President of
Sudan, who is being indicted for his role in
the Darfur genocide. Cagaptay brings up this fact to note that Erdogan's action at Davos were less about humanitarian concern than they are about what Cagaptay calls a "
civilizational view."
Israel-Turkey relations after the Gaza warTurkish Prime Minister
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan heavily criticized Israel's conduct in the Gaza war at the
2009 World Economic Forum conference in
Davos.
On October 11 2009, relations were strained even further when Israel was barred from Anatolian Eagle military exercise in Turkey. The aerial exercise was to consist of
Turkey,
Israel, the
United States, and
Italy. However,
Turkey refused to allow
Israel to attend. In response, the
United States pulled out of the exercise.
Another deterioration in October 2009 was noted following the TV debut of
Ayrılık (Farewell), a prime-time serial on Turkish state-sponsored television channel
TRT 1 featuring fictionalized scenes of Israeli soldiers shooting Palestinian children and mistreating elderly Arabs. Israeli Foreign Minister
Avigdor Lieberman criticized the program, and rebuked the Turkish Ambassador in front of assembled media. He subsequently apologized in the face of a Turkish threat to withdraw its ambassador.
In January 2010 Israeli politicians and media outlets condemned an episode of the popular Turkish soap opera, "
Valley of the Wolves: Ambush," on private Star television that depicted the Israeli intelligence service
Mossad spying inside
Turkey and kidnapping Turkish babies. The program also showed
Mossad attacking the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv and taking the ambassador and his family hostage. On 11 January 2010 Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister
Danny Ayalon summoned Turkish ambassador
Ahmet Oguz Celikkol to a meeting, At the session, Celikkol was seated below Ayalon. With cameras rolling, Ayalon turned to his aide (without knowing the television crews were filming) and said, "
The main thing is that you see that he is seated low and that we are high ... that there is one flag on the table (the Israeli flag) and that we are not smiling."
Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon and Turkish ambassador Ahmet Oguz ÇelikkolGaza flotilla attackAfter Israeli Navy's raid on Turkish Gaza aid ship on 31 May 2010, the tension between the two countries mounted. Many of the aid workers were Turkish and several of the ships taking part to the demonstration had the Turkish flag. The Turkish Prime Minister
Recep Tayyip Erdogan described the raid as "
state terrorism". He said that Israel "
has shown that it does not want peace in the region" and has "v
iolated international law".
Turkey recalled its ambassador from
Israel, and summoned the Israeli ambassador to demand an explanation. During an emergency session of the Security Council,
Turkey urged the UN to punish Israel for its actions. A Turkish Foreign Ministry written statement stated that "
we strongly condemn these inhuman practices of Israel. This deplorable incident, which took place in open seas, and constitutes a fragrant breach in international law, may lead to irreparable consequences in our bilateral relations".
Turkey warned that all future aid vessels would be escorted by
the Turkish Navy.