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Post by JustJohn or JJ on Oct 14, 2021 8:03:26 GMT -7
The battle of Khotyn / Chocim which took place during the Polish-Ottoman war is widely considered the first time the Ottoman empire was resisted successfully in a battle in more than two generations, and it ended the Polish-Ottoman War fought over the control of Moldavia.
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Post by Jaga on Oct 15, 2021 9:54:27 GMT -7
John, thanks for reminding this great event in Polish history. All children in Poland are learning about this victory. Glad that Poles had good military leaders and soldiers that could win against infidels
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Post by pieter on Oct 18, 2021 22:46:36 GMT -7
Polish-Turkish relations have been historically close yet complex. Historically, the predecessor state of Poland being of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had a direct border with the Ottoman Empire, both states had a tumultuous history being in open and consistent warfare between one another for centuries particularly in the south eastern borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth around Moldavia, modern day Ukraine, Romania and Crimea. Warfare between both states began in 1443 with the Crusade of Varna, the Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503), the Moldavian Magnate Wars, the Polish-Ottoman War (1620-1621), the Polish–Ottoman War (1633–34), the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) and the Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) which resulted in sections of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth falling under the direct administration of the Ottoman Empire under the Podolia Eyalet or Silistra Eyalet for some periods of time.
Official diplomatic relations were established between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 15th century. In 2013, Poland and Turkey celebrated the establishment of 600 years of diplomatic relations.
Following the Partitions of Poland the Ottoman Empire along with Qajar Iran were the only major countries in the world which did not recognise the final partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. An anecdote exists recounting the exchange between the chef de protocol of and his aide of Ottoman Empire which is widely recounted today in Poland. According to the tale, whenever the diplomatic corps was received by the Ottoman sultan, on the sight of the empty chair of the Polish deputy, the Ottoman chef de protocol would ostentatiously ask: “Where is the deputy from Lehistan?”. At each occasion he would receive the same reply from his aide: ‘Your Excellency, the deputy of Lehistan could not make it because of vital impediments’ to the annoyance of the diplomats from the partitioning states. The first written record of this story comes from the Polish ambassador to Turkey in the years 1936 – 45, Michał Sokolnicki (1880 – 1967). He heard it from a Turkish officer and statesman, Ali Fuat Cebesoy (1880 – 1968), who was acquainted with the Istanbul Polish community. Cebesoy claimed that this symbolic exchange continued until the end of sultanate and he witnessed it in person as a young officer during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876 – 1909)
In the 19th century many Polish veterans of the November Uprising, January Uprising and Crimean War arrived in Turkey. Polish officers, such as Michał Czajkowski, served in the Ottoman Army. Polish General Marian Langiewicz spent the last years of his life in Turkey, fought in the Ottoman Army and died in Istanbul, where he is buried at the Haydarpaşa Cemetery. Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz spent the last months of his life in Istanbul and died there. The house where he lived was later transformed into the Adam Mickiewicz Museum.
A Polish village of Polonezköy (Adampol) in Turkey exists. It lies on the Anatolian side of Istanbul and was settled in 1842 by Polish veterans of the November Uprising. In the 19th and 20th centuries further Polish settlers arrived. As of 2009, there is still a Polish minority in the village.
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Post by pieter on Oct 18, 2021 23:01:50 GMT -7
The Polish–Turkish War
The Polish–Turkish War of 1485-1503 was a prolonged conflict, rather a series of conflicts, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire. The conflict formally lasted eighteen years, but during this time hostilities were ceased on several occasions due to temporary treaties being signed between the warring parties. The climax of the conflict was the disastrous King John I Albert’s raid on Moldavia (1497, see also Battle of the Cosmin Forest).
In the war the Kingdom of Poland was supported by its fiefs, the Duchy of Mazovia and the State of the Teutonic Order, as well as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Ottoman Empire on the other hand, was backed by the Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, and Wallachia.
For most of the 15th century, the Principality of Moldavia was a vassal of Poland, but at the same time other states, notably the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire together with the Crimean Khanate, tried to subdue Moldavia. After the Fall of Constantinople (1453), the Turks directed their expansion northwards, towards the lower Danube and behind the mighty river, which also threatened Poland.
In the war the Kingdom of Poland was supported by its fiefs, the Duchy of Mazovia and the State of the Teutonic Order, as well as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Ottoman Empire on the other hand, was backed by the Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, and Wallachia.
For most of the 15th century, the Principality of Moldavia was a vassal of Poland, but at the same time other states, notably the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire together with the Crimean Khanate, tried to subdue Moldavia. After the Fall of Constantinople (1453), the Turks directed their expansion northwards, towards the lower Danube and behind the mighty river, which also threatened Poland.
Outbreak of the war
In 1485, Ottomans captured Black Sea ports Akkerman and Kilia. This undermined Polish eastern trade. The king promised help, calling pospolite ruszenie and Crown army, together with mercenaries. In November 1485, Poles commanded by Jan Karnkowski entered Moldavia, defeating some Tatar forces. John Albert himself prepared an anti-Ottoman raid in 1487, but had to change these plans and sent his forces to fight Tatars, allied with the Ottomans. On September 8, 1487, the Battle of Kopystrzyn in Podolia took place, in which the Tatars were defeated.
On March 23, 1489, a two-year truce was signed between Poland and Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II, and on January 25, 1491 the Battle of Zaslaw in Volhynia took place, in which Polish forces destroyed a Tatar raid.
In 1494 King John began military preparations for a new raid, despite a three-year truce, signed on April 6 of that year. Moldovan ruler Stephen III promised to help the Poles as soon as they reached Black Sea ports. It took Poland three years to complete preparations. Their army was made of Polish Crown forces, aided by a number of foreign mercenaries, 400 Teutonic Knights under Grand Master Johann von Tieffen, and a 600 strong unit from Mazovia. Altogether, the Polish army was some 40,000 strong, with 200 cannons.
Polish units of pospolite ruszenie gathered in May–June 1497 in Podolia, and in early August of that year, the army crossed the Dniestr river, entering Moldavia. The Poles were taken by surprise by Moldavian ruler Stephen III.
On September 24, 1497, the Polish army began the siege of Suceava, which was a failure, and on October 19 the Poles began to retreat. A week later, on October 26, the Poles were defeated in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest.
The Polish raid provoked Ottomans and Tatars to invade the southeastern corner of Poland. This took place in spring 1498: after crossing the Dniestr, the invaders ransacked Red Ruthenia, capturing thousands of people and reaching as far as Przeworsk. In the summer of that year, the Tatars again invaded Poland, mainly Podolia and Volhynia.
Truce
On July 13, 1498, John Albert signed a treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary, in which both sides agreed to cooperate against the Ottomans. On August 15, 1499, Stephen III accepted the truce, and on October 9, 1503, King Alexander I Jagiellon signed a five-year peace treaty with Sultan Bayezid II
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Post by pieter on Oct 18, 2021 23:04:41 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Oct 18, 2021 23:06:13 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Oct 18, 2021 23:08:09 GMT -7
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Post by Jaga on Oct 19, 2021 18:37:54 GMT -7
Pieter, i think we should be happy that Poland and Turkey were so far away and the closest encounter was on Vienna. Otherwise we would have the same difficult relationship like Bulgaria or Hungary
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