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Post by pieter on May 18, 2023 11:19:33 GMT -7
Social exclusionA homeless man in ParisSocial exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century. It is used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, politics and economics.
Social exclusion is the process in which individuals are blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights within that particular group (e.g. due process).
Alienation or disenfranchisement resulting from social exclusion can be connected to a person's social class, race, skin color, religious affiliation, ethnic origin, educational status, childhood relationships, living standards, and or political opinions, and appearance. Such exclusionary forms of discrimination may also apply to disabled people, minorities, LGBTQ+ people, drug users, institutional care leavers, the elderly and the young. Anyone who appears to deviate in any way from perceived norms of a population may thereby become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion.
The outcome of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live. This may result in resistance in the form of demonstrations, protests or lobbying from the excluded people.
The concept of social exclusion has led to the researcher's conclusion that in many European countries the impact of social disadvantages, that influence the well-being of all people, including with special needs, has an increasingly negative impact.
Most of the characteristics listed in this article are present together in studies of social exclusion, due to exclusion's multidimensionality.
Another way of articulating the definition of social exclusion is as follows:Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching groups and individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full participation in the normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live.In an alternative conceptualization, social exclusion theoretically emerges at the individual or group level on four correlated dimensions: insufficient access to social rights, material deprivation, limited social participation and a lack of normative integration. It is then regarded as the combined result of personal risk factors (age, gender, race); macro-societal changes (demographic, economic and labor market developments, technological innovation, the evolution of social norms); government legislation and social policy; and the actual behavior of businesses, administrative organisations and fellow citizens.For more reading: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion
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Post by pieter on May 18, 2023 12:11:27 GMT -7
Jim Crow lawsThe Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African-American. Such laws remained in force until the 1960s. Formal and informal segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even if several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted by white Southern Democrat-dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era.
In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, in which the Supreme Court laid out its "separate but equal" legal doctrine concerning facilities for African Americans. Moreover, public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War in 1861–1865.
Although in theory, the "equal" segregation doctrine was extended to public facilities and transportation too, facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to facilities for white Americans; sometimes, there were no facilities for the black community at all. Far from equality, as a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, political and social disadvantages and second class citizenship for most African Americans living in the United States. After the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909, it became involved in a sustained public protest and campaigns against the Jim Crow laws, and the so-called "separate but equal" doctrine.
In 1954, segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education. In some states, it took many years to implement this decision, while the Warren Court continued to rule against Jim Crow legislation in other cases such as Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964). In general, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overturned by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. For more reading; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws
www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law
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Post by pieter on May 18, 2023 14:11:58 GMT -7
Dear all,
Racism, xenophobia, aversion to the other, aversion to people who are different, mistrust of people of a different ethnicity, religion, race or culture exist all over the world.
In my childhood and teenage years I had the idea that humanity was moving towards progress, universalism, greater unity and greater peace. I was mistaken and quite naive. The world took another direction and history proves to go into circles and curves. Old cultural, economical, political and religious divisions, conflicts and armed conflicts returned. I read Samuel P. Huntington's 1993 theory, the "Clash of Civilizations", of a post–Cold War new world order and I read "The End of History?", 1989 essay by Francis Fukuyama. After Fukuyama's essay a book emerged about the same theme. The End of History and the Last Man is a 1992 book of political philosophy by American political scientist Francis Fukuyama which argues that with the ascendancy of Western liberal democracy—which occurred after the Cold War (1945–1991) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)—humanity has reached "not just ... the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: That is, the end-point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.
The Clash of Civilizations is a thesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post–Cold War world.
Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and the capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense.
Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest category of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993 Foreign Affairs article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."
In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within Western civilization. However, after the end of the Cold War, world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history.
In the late eighties and the early nineties The Cold War was over and the division of the world into two Poles (the bipolar world) of the American and Russian (Soviet) power blocs seemed to be over.
But unfortunately the world news and developments showed that Samuel P. Huntington was closer to the reality of the world with his "Clash of Civilizations" than Francis Fukuyama with his "The End of History?". Russia remained a world power, China increasingly became a world power, India became an important military and financial-economical Power, Brazil emerged as a Global Power and Iran became a very powerful Oil, political and military Power in the Middle East, Lebanon (Hezbollah is an Iranian Proxy), Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Palestine (Gaza and the Westbank, where Iran supports Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the PFLP [Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine], and the Popular Resistance Committees). Turkey became an important power in South-Eastern Europe in the Balkan region, in the Turkish part of Cyprus, the Western Caucasus, the Black Sea region, North Africa and Black Muslim Eastern Africa (Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, and other countries). In Europe, the Middle East, Africa (Rwanda, the Congo civil war, the Liberia and Central African Republic and Angola civil wars were taking place and chaos and anarchy and competing war lords in Somalia), Asia regional, ethnic and political conflicts arose, with old ethnic cleansing, civil rights abuses, massacres, genocidal policies, racism, nationalism and xenophobia, which are always part of these conflicts.
Immediately after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the far right emerged in East Germany in the form of the NPD (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands), Freie Kameradschaften (informal clandestine organised dagngerous Neo-Nazi groups) and 'National Befreite Zonen' appeared in Eastern-Germany (National Liberated Zones), area's controled by East-German Neo-Nazi's and Ultra Nationalists, area's where intolerance, hatred and a violent climate existed directed at Black Africans, Indian ICT workers, Muslim migrants, Turks, Vietnamese, leftwing intellectuals, leftwing people, Gays and Lesbians and anyone whom opposed their Völkische Peoples Nationalist and Neo-Nazi ideas. Homes with refugee families were set on fire, black people and Turks were killed by stabbings and arson attacks, and German citizens whom resisted this Neo-Nazi influence were intimidated. From the other side the post communist follow up of the former DDR East-German communist state party, the SED, the PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism) became strong and later Die Linke (Linkspartei) came out of that. On the foundation of Sovjet influence and East-German state communism xenophobia, racism, antisemitism and Polonophobia (anti-Polish sentiment) florished well in Eastern-Germany where unemployment and poverty were rampant.
Two Lebanese refugee children were burnt in their beds after far right Germans fire bombed their refugee apartment block in Eastern Germany
Nationalist forces gained influence in Russia as well. From the Nationalist Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Russian: Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ) of Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov, to the Ultranationalist, Pan-Slavic and racist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (Либерально-демократическая партия России) of Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Leonid Slutsky and Alexei Didenko, next to the Russian ultranationalist Rodina party today. The Statist and Russian Nationalist United Russia party of Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev becomes increasingly Neo-Stalinist with Sovjet influences as well as some Czarist influences in the sense of using Russian nationalism and Russian Orthodoxy.
And after East-Germany and Russia, nationalism gained influence in the Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Czech republic as well. Austria was already a nationalist country since the late eighties and nineties. But the fierce Nationalism and violent xenophobia of Russia and Eastern Germany overshadowed the Nationalism and xenophibia in these other countries.Ruscism Ruscism is rampant in Russia today, Ruscism also known as Rashism, Russism, or Russian fascism, is a term used by a number of scholars, politicians and publicists to describe the political ideology and social practices of the Russian state in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and especially during the rule of Vladimir Putin. "Ruscism" and "Russism" are portmanteaus combining the words 'Russian' and 'fascism'; "Rashism" is a rough transcription of the Russian and Ukrainian equivalent (also a portmanteau). It is also used to refer to the ideology of Russian military expansionism, and has been used as a label to describe an undemocratic system and nationality cult mixed with ultranationalism and a cult of personality That transformation was described as based on the ideas of the "special civilizational mission" of the Russians, such as Moscow as the third Rome and expansionism, which manifests itself in anti-Westernism and supports regaining former lands by conquest. The term "Rashist" is also widely used by Ukrainian officials and media to more generally identify members of the Russian Armed Forces and supporters of Russian military aggression against Ukraine.
The modern use of the term can be traced back to 1995, when it was used in the context of the First Chechen War, but it became increasingly more common after the Russo-Georgian and Russo-Ukrainian wars and most recently the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. RussianismRussianism or Russicism is an influence of the Russian language on other languages. In particular, Russianisms are Russian or Russified words, expressions, or grammar constructs used in Slavic languages, languages of CIS states and languages of the Russian Federation.
However, the scope of the Russian language influence is wider. For example, in Italian Russianisms rank fifth and sixth after Anglicisms, Gallicisms, Germanisms, Hispanisms, and Arabisms.Russianisms and RussificationIn countries that have long been under the influence of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia, Russianism is a direct result of Russification, when native words and expressions were replaced with Russian ones. Russianisms are especially frequent in Ukrainian and Belarusian, as the languages are linguistically close to Russian.
Examples of Russianisms in Ukrainian would be "часи" (časy, "clock") instead of "годинник" (hodynnyk), "ковьор" (kov'or "carpet") instead of "килим" (kylym), "празнувати" (praznuvaty, "to celebrate") instead of "святкувати" (svjatkuvaty), and many others. Examples from Moldavian include "odecolon" and "subotnic".
Use of Russianisms results in creation of Russian-Ukrainian or Russian-Belarusian mixed languages (called surzhyk and trasianka accordingly). One racism in Russia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_RussiaWestern EuropeRacism, xenophobia, discrimination, having stereotypical views of others, antisemitism, islamophobia, Antiziganism (hatred towards Sinti- and Roma people in Central- and Eastern Europe and to a lesser extend in Western Europe and Southern Europe), Anti-Slavic sentiment (also known as Slavophobia) in Romania, Albania, Canada and the USA (WASP aversion towards Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian and Jewish people from the Slavic world), and as part of Slavophobia, Polonophobia (anti-Polonism (Polish: Antypolonizm) or anti-Polish sentiment), Arabophobia (Anti-Arabism, Anti-Arab sentiment, opposition to, dislike, fear, or hatred of Arab people), Hinduphobia (Anti-Hindu sentiment, aversion towards Indian people from India, due to their brown skin and specific Indian accent of English and their Hindu culture), anti-Berberism or anti-Amazighism (aversion against the Berber/Amazigh people from Morocco, Algeria, Tunesia and Libiya, Muslim people from Northern-Africa, the Maghreb region, often Arabised berbers, many Muslim migrants in Europe have a Berber/Amazigh background), Persophobia (Anti-Iranian sentiment, also known as Anti-Persian sentiment, or Iranophobia), and Kurdophobia (Anti-Kurdish sentiment, also known as anti-Kurdism, is hostility, fear, intolerance or racism against the Kurdish people, Kurdistan, Kurdish culture, or Kurdish languages. A person who holds such positions is sometimes referred to as a "Kurdophobe"). A strong Kurdophobia exists amongst many Turks, Arabs (from Syria and Iraq) and Iranians. For instance in the United Kingdom, a Kurdish shop owner was attacked by an Iranian man who advocated genocide against Kurds.
In changing multi-cultural societies, with many ethnicities, cultures, races, many political ideologies, political parties and movements, many tribes, clans, peoples, languages, regional languages, dialects, slangs and sublanguages, ethnic, racial, cultural, religious and political tensions exist.
In Western Europe I have to sadly admid an agressive antisemitism exists in various forms, from the racial race bioligical antisemitic propaganda and hate from the far right Neo-Nazi fringe, to the antisemitic left of Neo-Stalinists, some Marxists and some far left socialists to Christian antisemites and Islamist antisemites (Hezbollah, Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Islamic State and Al Qaida supporters in Europe and the supporters odf the Muslim Brotherhood). Jews in Western-Europe are quite uneasy and do not wear their Kippah in public, nor do many of them wear the Magen David (Star of David) in public. It is easier to wear christian or Muslim symbols in Western Europe than Jewish symbols, because you will be spat at, shouted at, insulted or physically attacked in Western Europe.
Racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, Slavophobia, Polonophobia, Arabophobia, Persophobia (Anti-Iranian sentiment), Hinduphobia (Anti-Hindu sentiment), aversion towards Pakistani and Afghan people (whom are clearly different in race, culture, language (linguistic difference), religion and due to the community they belong to and stick to), anti-Berberism (anti-Amazighism), homophobia and Misogyny (hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women) exist in Western-Europe and other parts of Europe. It is sad that many people are stuck to their localism, regionalism and nationalism. While Europe has slightly less a tribal and clan culture than non-Western migrants in Europe, you could say that some regional language, local dialects, extreme local thinking (hamlet, village, small town, neighbourhood), social class thinking (working class, lower middle class, upper middle class, high class, upper class, patricians, nobility, royalty -monarchs, kings, queens and princes and princesses of the Royal houses-, business elites, academic elites, political elites (political class of top politicians -mayors, aldermen/alderwomen, provincial governers of the King, ministers and state secretaries, and top civil servants, like the secretary generals of the various ministries and departments and the Corps Diplomatique). In the Netherlands equality, solidarity, liberty and brotherhood is held in a high esteem and talking about social classes and social environment (social context, sociocultural context or milieu) is not generally accepted due to that 'dogma' or 'doctrine' of equality, quite similar to the Scandinavian Janteloven (Law of Jante), a code of conduct and a sociological term to denote a social attitude of disapproval towards expressions of individuality and personal success, based on the fiction novel by the Danish-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose and has been assumed by some to explain the egalitarian nature of Nordic countries. The attitudes were first formulated in the form of the ten rules in Sandemose's satirical novel A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks (En flyktning krysser sitt spor, 1933), but the attitudes themselves are older.
The hypocrisy, ambivalence, disguise and actually block on the Dutch directness and openess, is the fact that despite their directness and openess, Dutch people avoid talking about class, milieu, background, heritage, faith, politics, religion and ethnicity, because in a country with a recent history of Pillarisation ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillarisation ) you easily might discriminate a compatriot, due to his or regional background, social class, accent, dialect, regional language, religion or ethnicity. But undereneath that Dutch version of Janteloven and Hygge (cosyness/gemütlichkeit), Gezelligheid, and relaxed so called directness sometimes lays a refined underlayer of destinction, segregation, disquised (polite indirect) racism and xenophobia. Because in reality (like other people) Dutch people are extremely interested in ethnic backgrunds, nationalities, race, gender, culture, social background (milieu), what famiy the person comes from, which country, which region in that country, what her or his job is and what her or his experiences, studies and aims (goals) in life are. Dutch people oppress their direct nature in the presence of foreigners or visitors out of politeness, because they know that their directness can be offensive in other cultures with less direct approaches and politeness codes, and indirect ways to come to the point. That refined racism, xenophobia and discrimination excludes non-Western migrants and for instance Eastern-European or Central-European Guestlabourers (migrants) from reaching important middle level or high level positions in our society, because the native Dutch like to stay in control and have their 'Old Boys networks' and 'Old girl networks'. In political parties, unions, universities, Dutch companies and multi nationals native Dutch people have the advantage of 'Old rich' and 'New Rich' political, financial, economical, social cultural and sport (soccer, field hockey club -which is a social network organisation next to a sports club in the Netherlands-, Golf club -the same as field hockey, in the Netherlands an elite sport-, tennis club/Padel -also often good for business and other social-economical work related networks-) networks. In that white native Dutch system of social networks it is hard for migrants, people of color, and ethnic minorities to enter and integrate and assimilate in. White males of middle age still dominate, and next to them white Native Dutch women. Others like Blacks and Muslim migrants have to fight hard to enter the important job positions and leading roles. Subtle and refined racism, discrimination, xenophobia, antisemitism, misogyny, exclusion mechanisms exist. And slowly the Rightwing National Populist, National conservative movements and parties on the right side grow, while in the same time on the left side you have leftwing Populism, Leftwing Nationalism ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism ), Leftwing (social-) conservatism and leftwing xenophobia, racism and antisemitism as well. But all in a refined, mean, vicious, disguised, indirect, cunning, sophisticated way. You can't frame them on that, you will have a hard time to prove that these people are racist or xenophobic.
Cheers, Pieter
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