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Post by JustJohn or JJ on Jul 22, 2023 6:48:39 GMT -7
May 12, 2023 According to recent genetic and DNA research, some of the first Native Americas came from the north coast of China. According to a new genomics research, some of the initial arrivals occurred during the last ice age and shortly thereafter, in two different migrations. People from the north coast of China were among the earliest humans to arrive in the Americas, arriving in two independent migrations during and after the last ice age, according to a new genomics research. [/div]
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Post by pieter on Jul 22, 2023 7:40:26 GMT -7
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Post by Jaga on Jul 22, 2023 9:21:55 GMT -7
Pieter, I think that the genetics of American Indians is mixed. They also have some Siberian and Polynesian origin.
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Post by pieter on Jul 22, 2023 13:49:48 GMT -7
Jaga,
I thought that Siberian people also have Asian, Mongolian roots. Now I read that the Siberians or Siberiaks are the majority inhabitants of Siberia, as well as the subgroup or ethnographic group of the Russians. There are also other groups of indigenous Siberian and non-indigenous ethnic origin. A minority of the current population are descendants of Mongol or Turkic people (mainly Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvans, Altai and Khakas) or northern indigenous people. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha. I think Native American are related to these indigenous Siberian people. I you look at the Inuit and Métis people in Camada, and the Cherokee, Navayo, Sioux, Comanche and other tribes in the USA, The Aztecs in central Mexico, the Maya peoples in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras, and the Incas in modern day South America in Peru and Chile, you see that most of them have Asian features. You see Asian eyes, Asian facial features and etc. Only due to the warmer climate they have a darker skin and developed slightly different racial feautures due to the different climate of the America's.
Cheers, Pieter
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Post by pieter on Jul 22, 2023 13:56:15 GMT -7
American IndianNative American dance American Indian, also called Indian, Native American, indigenous American, aboriginal American, Amerindian, or Amerind, member of any of the aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Eskimos (Inuit and Yupik/Yupiit) and Aleuts are often excluded from this category, because their closest genetic and cultural relations were and are with other Arctic peoples rather than with the groups to their south.
Indian women shopping at the Almolonga market in the western highlands of Guatemala, near Quezaltenango.
The ancestors of contemporary American Indians were members of nomadic hunting and gathering cultures. These peoples traveled in small family-based bands that moved from Asia to North America during the last ice age; from approximately 30,000–12,000 years ago, sea levels were so low that a “land bridge” connecting the two continents was exposed. Some bands followed the Pacific coast southward, and others followed a glacier-free corridor through the centre of what is now Canada. Although it is clear that both avenues were used, it is not certain which was more important in the peopling of the Americas. Most traces of this episode in human prehistory have been erased by millennia of geological processes: the Pacific has inundated or washed away most of the coastal migration route, and glacial meltwash has destroyed or deeply buried traces of the inland journey.Sitting Bull (1831-1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux chieftain known for his outspoken opposition to the United States government’s efforts to evict Native Americans from their lands and force them onto reservations. He was born among the Lakota tribe in modern-day South Dakota and rose to fame as a warrior rapidly. Sitting Bull’s leadership talents and military methods contributed to his people’s esteem.Discussions of indigenous cultures are often organized geographically. The Western Hemisphere typically comprises three regions: Northern America (present-day United States and Canada), Middle America (present-day Mexico and Central America), and South America.
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Post by karl on Jul 23, 2023 13:21:45 GMT -7
J.J., Jaga and Pieter
I do thank all for your very informative research in the field of genetical origins of the American Indians. Whilst my time on the Pacific West coast, on occasion were to observe what I took as Indians. Usually on 1st avenue in Seattle. Unfortunately, not to engage a conversation with them for any exchange for most of them appeared to be drunks or beggars. They did display Mongolian features with the set of their eyes and facial features.
Unfortunately my self am ignorant to a great extent of these people, for my personal experience and studies were centred in the mid-East.
Karl
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 15:21:01 GMT -7
Karl,
Unfortunately the irrival of Europeans to the America's meant disaster for the Amerindians, Native Americans, because they were not resistant to European diseases and alcohol. People of East-Asian descent have a higher Alcohol intolerance level, a genetic, metabolic disorder of the digestive system. Your body doesn’t process alcohol the way it should. Maybe that is why Native Indians have alcohol problems. Unfortunately many native American communities wrestle with alcohol abuse, drugs abuse, domestic abuse and living in shabby area's. Not all of them, but they were pushed to small area's of their Native American Amerindian Reseves. I remember the Amerindian Navayo construction workers along the Rout 66 when I was in Arizona, Nevada, California and Utah in 1999. I was impressed by the post cards of the strong Indian chiefs in the tourist stores and bought some of them.I was saddened when I studied and learned about the past of the American Amerindians of the Great Planes, with their Tribal Lands, hunting space and the millions of Bizons that were stil there.
To me it seems that the spirit of the Amerindian Indians was broken by other 'tribes' or people, the Spanish, Portuguese, English, Scots, Welsh, Dutch, French, Germans, Scandinavians, and later other European peoples that invaded their lands. From the mix of peoples in the Southern and Central American parts of the Americans the Latino race emerged. Their spirits were broken, their Tribal lands conquered. but their descendents are stil there, the present day Comanches, Sioux, Cherokee, Navayo, Maya's, Aztecs and Inca's. They are stil in the Rainforest of Southern America, the Amerindians are stil in the forest of Suriname, they are stil in Quebec (Canada). They never left.Sioux Native American Portrait, Chief He Dog, American Indian, Indigenous Americans.Zitkala-Ša (Lakota: Zitkála-Šá, meaning Red Bird;[1] February 22, 1876 – January 26, 1938) was a Yankton Dakota writer, editor, translator, musician, educator, and political activist. She was also known by her Anglicized and married name, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. She wrote several works chronicling her struggles with cultural identity, and the pull between the majority culture in which she was educated, and the Dakota culture into which she was born and raised. Her later books were among the first works to bring traditional Native American stories to a widespread white English-speaking readership.
She was co-founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926, which was established to lobby for Native people's right to United States citizenship and other civil rights they had long been denied. Zitkala-Ša served as the council's president until her death in 1938. Zitkala-Ša has been noted as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. Working with American musician William F. Hanson, Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs for The Sun Dance Opera (1913), the first American Indian opera. It was composed in romantic musical style, and based on Sioux and Ute cultural themes.Zitkala-Ša in 1898, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian InstitutionZitkala-Ša with her violin in 1898Zitkala-Ša, 1898, by Joseph KeileyZitkála-Šá, c. 1900, by Gertrude KäsebierZitkála-Šá, by Gertrude Käsebier, 1898Contemporary 1913 newspaper article in the El Paso Herald about The Sun Dance Opera, referring to the then-37-year-old Zitkala-Ša as "girl"Geronimo, Apache Leader, UndatedPortrait of an American Indian wearing a Headdress by Edward Curtis, Early 1900s.Portrait of Big Hawk, the white Falcon, chief of the Seneca Indian tribe, 1924.Pieter
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 16:14:40 GMT -7
People,
It's not that I dislike the Americans because of how European settlers treated the original inhabitants of America and the Black slaves who were transported from Africa to America.
We Europeans (Dutch, English, French, Belgians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans and Italians) with our colonies and treatment of Black Africans and Asians were no better of course.
Today's America is excellent, but I hope today's white and black children of the USA know who lived, lived and hunted Bison in America before their ancestors got there.
In my history study in Amsterdam I had the sub-subject 'Religion and Mythology', and there we were taught the ancient religions and mythologies of the Greeks, Romans, the Etruscans, Egyptians (with their kingdom of the dead), the Persians (Zoroastrianism), the Babylonians, Assyrians, the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Germanic and Slavic Heathen Polytheistic religions of the Germanic and Slavic tribes with their Thor, Donar and Fre yja, and the Slavic gods (the god with the multiple heads stuck with me). We were taught about ancient Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Judaism, early Christianity and the Great Schism within Christianity when on July 6, 1054 the Eastern Orthodox Churches separated from the Roman Catholic. The ongoing break of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.
I also received lessons about natural religions, world religions and the religion or mythology of the North American Indians. And that lesson and those Indian tribes of the Great Plains fascinated me ever since I wanted to be a North American Indian with headdress, bow and arrow as a boy. I read Karl May and the Dutch children's book series Arendsoog (Eagle Eye) from the children's book writer Jan Nowee (1901-1958).
In the Arendsoog children's book series, Bob Stanhope, aka Arendsoog, is the son of an American rancher in Arizona. As a child, he had to witness his father being shot dead by robbers, which motivated him later to dedicate his life to fighting crime. Eagle Eye owes its nickname, which it received from the Indians, to its particularly sharp eyes; he is known for his excellent vision in the dark. His Indian friend Witte Veder, on the other hand, has an above-average hearing, is an excellent weather forecaster and has a great deal of knowledge of Indian medicine. Both heroes are good marksmen and highly skilled in the art of stealth.
The Eagle Eye Stories are detective stories in a Wild West setting. The stories usually concern a case that the police cannot solve, after which Arendsoog is called upon. Arendsoog then goes out with Witte Veder and solves the case in the course of the story. Thus I read both all the Arendsoog (Eagle Eye) books and the Karl May books as a child.
Back to the sub-subject 'Religion and Mythology' in my history study in Amsterdam.
When we received the lesson about the religion or mythology of the North American Indians of the Great Plains I was struck by the Power and logic of their Faith and Mythology.
I learned about Wakan, meaning "powerful" or "sacred" in the Lakota language.
I learned about Wakan Tanka (Standard Lakota Orthography: Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka). In Lakota spirituality Wakan Tanka is the term for the sacred or the divine.This is usually translated as the "Great Spirit" and occasionally as "Great Mystery".
Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka can be interpreted as the power or the sacredness that resides in everything, resembling some animistic and pantheistic beliefs. This term describes every creature and object as wakȟáŋ ("holy") or having aspects that are wakȟáŋ. The element Tanka or Tȟáŋka corresponds to "Great" or "large".
Before contact with European Christian missionaries, the Lakota used Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka to refer to an organization or group of sacred entities whose ways were mysterious: thus, "The Great Mystery". Activist Russell Means also promoted the translation "Great Mystery" and the view that Lakota spirituality is not monotheistic.
I learned about the Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers. Among the Anishinaabe people (a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples present in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States), the Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers, also known simply as either the Seven Teachings or Seven Grandfathers, is a set of teachings that demonstrates what it means to live a “Good Life.” They detail human conduct towards others, the Earth, and all of Nature. Originating from a traditional Potawatomi and Ojibwe story, these teachings are not attributed to any specific creator. The story, and the teachings have been passed on orally by elders for centuries. An Ojibwe Anishinaabe man, Edward Benton-Banai, describes an in-depth understanding of what each means, in his novel "The Mishomis Book".
The Four Directions of the Native Americans
In Mesoamerica and North America, a number of traditional indigenous cosmologies include four cardinal directions and a center. Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions. Among the Hopi of the Southwestern United States, the four named cardinal directions are not North, South, East and West but are the four directions associated with the places of sunrise and sunset at the winter and summer solstices. Each direction may be associated with a color, which can vary widely between nations, but which is usually one of the basic colors found in nature and natural pigments, such as black, red, white, and yellow, with occasional appearances of blue, green, or other hues. There can be great variety in color symbolism, even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically.
Hopi Four Directions Mandala
The Meaning of the Four Directions in Native American Culture
Four Directions symbol
As part of the Lakota culture, when people pray or do anything sacred, they see the world as having Four Directions. From these Four Directions — west, north, east, south — come the four winds. The special meanings of each of the Four Directions are accompanied by specific colors, and the shape of the cross symbolizes all directions. Like many Native American beliefs and traditions, specific details regarding colors associated with directions varies.
West (Black)
To the west, the sun sets, and the day ends. For this reason, west signifies the end of life. As Black Elk says, “… toward the setting sun of his life.” The great Thunderbird lives in the west and sends thunder and rain from its direction. For this reason, the west is also the source of water: rain, lakes, streams and rivers. Nothing can live without water, so the west is vital.[/font
North (Red)
North brings the cold, harsh winds of the winter season. These winds are cleansing. They cause the leaves to fall and the earth to rest under a blanket of snow. If someone has the ability to face these winds like the buffalo with its head into the storm, they have learned patience and endurance. Generally, this direction stands for hardships and discomfort. Therefore, north represents the trials people must endure and the cleansing they must undergo.
East (Yellow)
The direction from which the sun comes. Light dawns in the morning and spreads over the earth. This is the beginning of a new day. It is also the beginning of understanding because light helps us see things the way they really are. On a deeper level, east stands for the wisdom helping people live good lives. Traditional people rise in the morning to pray facing the dawn, asking God for wisdom and understanding.
South (White)
Because the southern sky is when the sun is at its highest, this direction stands for warmth and growing. The sun's rays are powerful in drawing life from the earth. It is said the life of all things comes from the south. Also, warm and pleasant winds come from the south. When people pass into the spirit world, they travel the Milky Way's path back to the south — returning from where they came.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_mythology en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_mythology en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_mythology en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_mythology
Pieter
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 16:50:11 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 16:52:44 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 16:55:21 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 17:04:10 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 17:04:45 GMT -7
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 17:14:12 GMT -7
Floyd "Red Crow" Westerman bids farewell to this world and sends a special greeting to his Irish friends. American Indian Movement "Minister of Culture" passes into the spirit world.
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Post by pieter on Jul 23, 2023 17:23:32 GMT -7
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